{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T22:26:27Z","timestamp":1776810387666,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeck Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R307-2018- 3318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R307-2018- 3318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016380","name":"Bispebjerg Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016380","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Danish Research Center For Skin Cancer"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001734","name":"Copenhagen University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001734","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Photochem Photobiol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) leads to skin DNA damage, specifically in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, with thymidine dimers being the most common. Quantifying these dimers can indicate the extent of DNA damage resulting from UVR exposure. Here, a new liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS) method was used to quantify thymidine dimers in the urine after a temporary increase in real-life UVR exposure. Healthy Danish volunteers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200927) experienced increased UVR exposure during a winter vacation. Individual exposure, assessed via personally worn electronic UVR dosimeters, revealed a mean exposure level of 32.9 standard erythema doses (SEDs) during the last week of vacation. Morning urine thymidine dimer concentrations were markedly elevated both 1 and 2\u00a0days post-vacation, and individual thymidine dimer levels correlated with UVR exposure during the last week of the vacation. The strongest correlation with erythema-weighted personal UVR exposure (Power model, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.64, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) was observed when both morning urine samples were combined to measure 48-h thymidine dimer excretion, whereas 24-h excretion based on a single sample provided a weaker correlation (Power model, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.55, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Sex, age, and skin phototype had no significant effect on these correlations. For the first time, urinary thymidine dimer excretion was quantified by LC\u2013MS to evaluate the effect of a temporary increase in personal UVR exposure in a real-life setting. The high sensitivity to elevated UVR exposure and correlation between urinary excretion and measured SED suggest that this approach may be used to quantify DNA damage and repair and to evaluate photoprevention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-024-00563-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T19:01:26Z","timestamp":1712602886000},"page":"919-930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Urinary thymidine dimer excretion reflects personal ultraviolet radiation exposure levels"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3653-6424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catharina Margrethe","family":"Lerche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nynne Johanne Sahl","family":"Frederiksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ida Schwarz","family":"Thorsteinsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8352-3066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"K\u00f8ster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9090-1958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Nybo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9823-3915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas D.","family":"Flouris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8430-8568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Heydenreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9656-733X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter Alshede","family":"Philipsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1250-2035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merete","family":"H\u00e6dersdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8060-6413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans Christian","family":"Wulf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5887-630X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonatan Riber","family":"Granborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"563_CR1","first-page":"49","volume":"1","author":"HN Ananthaswamy","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ananthaswamy, H. N. (2001). Sunlight and skin cancer. Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology, 1, 49.","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology"},{"key":"563_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70213-X","volume":"10","author":"FE Ghissassi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ghissassi, F. E., Baan, R., Straif, K., et al. (2009). A review of human carcinogens\u2014part D: Radiation. The lancet Oncology, 10, 751\u2013752.","journal-title":"The lancet Oncology"},{"key":"563_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11678","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.16.11678","volume":"275","author":"T Douki","year":"2000","unstructured":"Douki, T., Court, M., Sauvaigo, S., Odin, F., & Cadet, J. (2000). Formation of the main UV-induced thymine dimeric lesions within isolated and cellular DNA as measured by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 11678\u201311685.","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"563_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1131003","volume":"17","author":"JT Reardon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reardon, J. T., & Sancar, A. (2003). Recognition and repair of the cyclobutane thymine dimer, a major cause of skin cancers, by the human excision nuclease. Genes & Development, 17, 2539\u20132551.","journal-title":"Genes & Development"},{"key":"563_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13765","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604213103","volume":"103","author":"S Mouret","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mouret, S., Baudouin, C., Charveron, M., Favier, A., Cadet, J., & Douki, T. (2006). Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are predominant DNA lesions in whole human skin exposed to UVA radiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 13765\u201313770.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"563_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)01402-7","volume":"460","author":"J Ahmad","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ahmad, J., Cooke, M. S., Hussieni, A., Evans, M. D., Patel, K., Burd, R. M., Bleiker, T. O., Hutchinson, P. E., & Lunec, J. (1999). Urinary thymine dimers and 8-oxo-2\u2019-deoxyguanosine in psoriasis. FEBS Letters, 460, 549\u2013553.","journal-title":"FEBS Letters"},{"key":"563_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01416.x","volume":"117","author":"F Le Curieux","year":"2001","unstructured":"Le Curieux, F., & Hemminki, K. (2001). Cyclobutane thymidine dimers are present in human urine following sun exposure: Quantitation using 32P-postlabeling and high-performance liquid chromatography. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 117, 263\u2013268.","journal-title":"The Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"563_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.223","volume":"134","author":"B Petersen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Petersen, B., Wulf, H. C., Triguero-Mas, M., et al. (2014). Sun and ski holidays improve vitamin D status, but are associated with high levels of DNA damage. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 134, 2806\u20132813.","journal-title":"The Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"563_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/ges077","volume":"28","author":"TS Liljendahl","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liljendahl, T. S., Blomqvist, A., Andersson, E. M., Barregard, L., & Segerb\u00e4ck, D. (2013). Urinary levels of thymine dimer as a biomarker of exposure to ultraviolet radiation in humans during outdoor activities in the summer. Mutagenesis, 28, 249\u2013256.","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"563_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16668","volume":"179","author":"J Narbutt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Narbutt, J., Philipsen, P. A., Lesiak, A., et al. (2018). Children sustain high levels of skin DNA photodamage, with a modest increase of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, after a summer holiday in Northern Europe. British Journal of Dermatology, 179, 940\u2013950.","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"563_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5069","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.16015","volume":"42","author":"CM Lerche","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lerche, C. M., Philipsen, P. A., Hermansson, S., Heydenreich, J., & Wulf, H. C. (2022). Quantification of urinary thymidine dimers in volunteers after ultraviolet radiation using a new UPLC-MS\/MS-based method. Anticancer Research, 42, 5069.","journal-title":"Anticancer Research"},{"key":"563_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7705","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-022-04302-1","volume":"414","author":"N Reynaud","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reynaud, N., Belz, L., B\u00e9al, D., Bacqueville, D., Duplan, H., G\u00e9ni\u00e8s, C., Questel, E., Josse, G., & Douki, T. (2022). DNA photoproducts released by repair in biological fluids as biomarkers of the genotoxicity of UV radiation. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 414, 7705\u20137720.","journal-title":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry"},{"key":"563_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2023.100227","author":"T Douki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Douki, T., Caillat, S., Bacqueville, D., et al. (2023). Nuclear and urinary measurements show the efficacy of a SPF50+ sunscreen against DNA photoproducts upon \u201creal-life\u201d recreational exposure. JID Innovation. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xjidi.2023.100227","journal-title":"JID Innovation"},{"key":"563_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14863","volume":"175","author":"SJ Felton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Felton, S. J., Cooke, M. S., Kift, R., Berry, J. L., Webb, A. R., Lam, P. M. W., de Gruijl, F. R., Vail, A., & Rhodes, L. E. (2016). Concurrent beneficial (vitamin D production) and hazardous (cutaneous DNA damage) impact of repeated low-level summer sunlight exposures. British Journal of Dermatology, 175, 1320\u20131328.","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"563_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0781.2000.d01-4.x","volume":"16","author":"E Thieden","year":"2000","unstructured":"Thieden, E., Agren, M. S., & Wulf, H. C. (2000). The wrist is a reliable body site for personal dosimetry of ultraviolet radiation. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology and Photomedicine, 16, 57\u201361.","journal-title":"Photodermatology, Photoimmunology and Photomedicine"},{"key":"563_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1039\/c8pp00379c","volume":"18","author":"J Heydenreich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heydenreich, J., & Wulf, H. C. (2019). Personal electronic UVR dosimeter measurements: Specific and general uncertainties. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 18, 1461\u20131470.","journal-title":"Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences"},{"key":"563_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1562\/2004-11-22-RA-376","volume":"81","author":"J Heydenreich","year":"2005","unstructured":"Heydenreich, J., & Wulf, H. C. (2005). Miniature personal electronic UVR dosimeter with erythema response and time-stamped readings in a wristwatch. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 81, 1138\u20131144.","journal-title":"Photochemistry and Photobiology"},{"key":"563_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00436.x","volume":"111","author":"AR Young","year":"1998","unstructured":"Young, A. R., Chadwick, C. A., Harrison, G. I., Nikaido, O., Ramsden, J., & Potten, C. S. (1998). The similarity of action spectra for thymine dimers in human epidermis and erythema suggests that DNA is the chromophore for erythema. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 111, 982\u2013988.","journal-title":"The Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"563_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-021-00115-w","volume":"20","author":"P Datta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Datta, P., Philipsen, P. A., Idorn, L. W., & Wulf, H. C. (2021). Low vitamin D in dark-skinned immigrants is mainly due to clothing habits and low UVR exposure: A Danish observational study. Photochemical & Photobiological Science Official Journal of European Photochemical Association European Society of Photobiology, 20, 1573\u20131584.","journal-title":"Photochemical & Photobiological Science Official Journal of European Photochemical Association European Society of Photobiology"},{"key":"563_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1039\/c2pp25127b","volume":"12","author":"B Petersen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Petersen, B., Datta, P., Philipsen, P. A., & Wulf, H. C. (2013). Sunscreen use and failures\u2014on site observations on a sun-holiday. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 12, 190\u2013196.","journal-title":"Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences"},{"key":"563_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1974.tb01053.x","volume":"196","author":"J Kampmann","year":"1974","unstructured":"Kampmann, J., Siersb\u00e6k-Nielsen, K., Kristensen, M., & Hansen, J. M. (1974). Rapid evaluation of creatinine clearance. Acta Medica Scandinavica, 196, 517\u2013520.","journal-title":"Acta Medica Scandinavica"},{"key":"563_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198710223171717","volume":"317","author":"RD Mosteller","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mosteller, R. D. (1987). Simplified calculation of body-surface area. New England Journal of Medicine, 317, 1098\u20131098.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"563_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1988.01670060015008","volume":"124","author":"TB Fitzpatrick","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick, T. B. (1988). The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. Archives of Dermatology, 124, 869\u2013871.","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatology"},{"key":"563_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00195","volume":"6","author":"SP Paul","year":"2019","unstructured":"Paul, S. P. (2019). Ensuring the safety of sunscreens, and their efficacy in preventing skin cancers: challenges and controversies for clinicians, formulators, and regulators. Frontiers in Medicine, 6, 195.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Medicine"},{"key":"563_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01251.x","volume":"116","author":"MS Cooke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cooke, M. S., Evans, M. D., Burd, R. M., Patel, K., Barnard, A., Lunec, J., & Hutchinson, P. E. (2001). Induction and excretion of ultraviolet-induced 8-oxo-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine and thymine dimers in vivo: Implications for PUVA. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 116, 281\u2013285.","journal-title":"The Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"563_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0164","volume":"14","author":"N Kotova","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kotova, N., Hemminki, K., & Segerb\u00e4ck, D. (2005). Urinary thymidine dimer as a marker of total body burden of UV-inflicted DNA damage in humans. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 14, 2868\u20132872.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention"},{"key":"563_CR27","first-page":"B4153","volume":"57","author":"MH Ravnbak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ravnbak, M. H. (2010). Objective determination of Fitzpatrick skin type. Danish Medical Bulletin, 57, B4153.","journal-title":"Danish Medical Bulletin"}],"container-title":["Photochemical &amp; Photobiological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43630-024-00563-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s43630-024-00563-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s43630-024-00563-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T09:51:20Z","timestamp":1718013080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s43630-024-00563-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["563"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43630-024-00563-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1474-905X","1474-9092"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1474-905X","type":"print"},{"value":"1474-9092","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}