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Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT test on a canine kidney cell line to determine the non-toxic dose for canine species. The antibacterial activity against MDR isolates of\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , along with their respective reference strains, was evaluated using minimum inhibitory concentration, bactericidal methods, and time-kill curve under white light irradiation for 120\u00a0min. The non-cytotoxic concentration observed for\n                    <jats:bold>3-PtTPyP<\/jats:bold>\n                    (0.05 \u00b5M) and\n                    <jats:bold>3-PdTPyP<\/jats:bold>\n                    (0.06 \u00b5M) was lower than those for\n                    <jats:bold>4-PtTPyP<\/jats:bold>\n                    and\n                    <jats:bold>4-PdTPyP<\/jats:bold>\n                    (30.25 and 34.75 \u00b5M, respectively). Only\n                    <jats:bold>3-PtTPyP<\/jats:bold>\n                    and\n                    <jats:bold>3-PdTPyP<\/jats:bold>\n                    were effective against MDR\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                    at non-cytotoxic concentrations. For\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains,\n                    <jats:bold>4-PdTPyP<\/jats:bold>\n                    and\n                    <jats:bold>4-PtTPyP<\/jats:bold>\n                    exhibited low activity only at the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). All porphyrins evaluated showed higher MBC than the non-cytotoxic concentration identified by the MTT test. This study demonstrated that the porphyrins\n                    <jats:bold>3-PtTPyP<\/jats:bold>\n                    and\n                    <jats:bold>3-PdTPyP<\/jats:bold>\n                    are promising photosensitizers for the inactivation of MDR\n                    <jats:italic>S. pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolated from canine otitis, showing bactericidal effects under white light with low cytotoxicity. Conversely, porphyrins linked at the\n                    <jats:italic>para<\/jats:italic>\n                    -position were ineffective at non-cytotoxic concentrations, limiting their isolated use in in vivo applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-026-00905-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T08:30:14Z","timestamp":1779352214000},"page":"1113-1128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using tetra-cationic porphyrins with peripheral platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes against multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from canine otitis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Tauana Fernanda Jantsch","family":"Voigt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduarda","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian Franklin","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Julia","family":"Floss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Silveira Flores","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo Almeida","family":"Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Felipetto","family":"Cargnelutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"905_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). 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