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Here we report the antibiofilm activity (against\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) of a photodynamic hydrogel consisting of Rose Bengal (RB) physically entrapped within a crosslinked poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) matrix. Under visible-light irradiation, RB-PHEMA alone produced only modest reductions (ca. 1 log), whereas addition of iodide markedly enhanced antibiofilm performance, yielding a 4.2-log reduction for\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and a 1.7-log reduction for\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    . To elucidate the basis of iodide potentiation, we conducted a systematic spectroscopic study under irradiation with varying concentrations of KI and NaI. Long-lived products consistent with iodide oxidation by singlet oxygen were detected, including triiodide (I\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and hydrogen peroxide (H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). I\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    was observed within the PHEMA hydrogel but not in the supernatant, consistent with electrostatic retention in the polymer network, while H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    was detected both at the hydrogel surface and in the surrounding solution, indicating diffusion away from the material. These findings support a mechanism in which diffusible H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , together with polymer-retained iodine species, contributes to biofilm inactivation beyond short-lived reactive intermediates. Practically, 10 mM iodide was sufficient to reach the maximum I\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    signal, and NaI performed comparably to KI. The transparency and flexibility of the hydrogel support applications requiring conformal contact and back-illumination. Finally, photobleaching of RB within the hydrogel is effectively eliminated in the presence of iodide, providing an additional practical advantage of iodide as a potentiating additive.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-026-00968-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:23:53Z","timestamp":1787563433000},"page":"1939-1949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Photodynamic anti-biofilm PHEMA\/Rose Bengal hydrogels enhanced by iodide: evidence for hydrogen peroxide and triiodide formation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ana M.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Quintero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Ballesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Garc\u00eda-Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0826-6084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Galindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"968_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00044","volume":"6","author":"P Beyer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beyer, P., and Paulin, S. 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