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In this work, TiO\u2082 nanoparticles were synthesized by a modified polymeric precursor method using different citric acid\/metal ratios, leading to materials with distinct structural and surface properties. Structural analyses confirmed the formation of anatase TiO\u2082 with nanometric crystallite sizes and high specific surface area. Spectroscopic and EPR analyses revealed the presence of oxygen vacancies, Ti\u00b3\u207a species, and sulfur-related surface defects, which contributed to enhanced visible-light absorption and charge separation. Among the synthesized materials, the M1C15 sample exhibited the best photocatalytic performance toward acetaminophen degradation, achieving complete removal under UV irradiation. LC\u2013MS analyses confirmed the disappearance of acetaminophen signals after treatment and revealed the formation of intermediate compounds associated with oxidative degradation pathways and radical coupling reactions. EPR spin-trapping experiments demonstrated the generation of hydroxyl radicals (\u2022OH), supporting the proposed photocatalytic mechanism. Under visible-light irradiation, the M1C15 sample achieved 18.2% paracetamol removal, indicating photocatalytic activity beyond the UV region. DRS, FTIR, EPR, and XPS analyses suggested that this behavior is associated with the formation of TiS\u2082 species on the surface of M1C15. These findings show that the proposed low-cost synthesis route produces promising photocatalysts for the treatment of pharmaceutical-contaminated wastewater under natural or artificial irradiation conditions with reduced energy demand.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-026-00973-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T14:37:59Z","timestamp":1786113479000},"page":"1979-1995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In situ formation of TiS\u2082-decorated anatase TiO\u2082 via sulfate-derived synthesis for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Mariana","family":"de Souza-Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduarda Fraga","family":"Olivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Balena","family":"Gabriel Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana Lesse","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Rodrigues","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keila Nascimento","family":"Cavalcante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata Martins","family":"Benetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9cica Cardoso","family":"Bellettini de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiano Raupp","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel Joaquim Peixoto Marques","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4132-5007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano Michael","family":"Bernardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"973_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10885","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.2c02369","volume":"34","author":"P Abi Younes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abi Younes, P., Skopin, E., Zhukush, M., Rapenne, L., Roussel, H., Aubert, N., Khrouz, L., Licitra, C., Camp, C., Richard, M. 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