{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:03:50Z","timestamp":1790096630964,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Laser Research and Therapy Fund"},{"name":"Medical Laser Research Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Photochem Photobiol Sci"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study evaluates the photoprotective performance of commercially available clothing using a spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. 37 different garments were analysed across multiple spectral protection factors. In addition to ultraviolet protection factor (UPF, 290\u2013400\u00a0nm), measurements included UVA protection factor (UVA-PF, 315\u2013400\u00a0nm), high-energy visible light protection factor (HEV-PF, 400\u2013469\u00a0nm), visible light protection factor (Visible-PF, 400\u2013800\u00a0nm), and Protoporphyrin IX protection factor (PpIX-PF, 350\u2013800\u00a0nm), providing a broader assessment relevant to photosensitive skin disorders. Spectral transmittance of garments was measured and used to calculate the multiple protection factors across ultraviolet (UV) and visible wavelength ranges. Most garments demonstrated substantial UV protection, including items not marketed as sun protective. Darker fabrics, particularly black cotton and polyester, showed the highest UPF values, frequently exceeding 50, whereas lighter fabrics, especially white cotton, generally offered lower protection (a UPF\n                    <jats:bold>&lt; 40<\/jats:bold>\n                    ). Protection was not correlated with garment cost, with some low-priced items providing excellent performance. Dark-coloured garments also offered superior attenuation of high-energy visible light, although transmission increased at longer visible wavelengths across all samples. These findings highlight the limitations of relying on UPF alone to assess textile photoprotection. A multi-spectral approach reveals important differences in protection against UVA, HEV, and visible light, which are clinically relevant for individuals with photosensitivity. This work supports the inclusion of extended photoprotective metrics in textile evaluation and clinical guidance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-026-00997-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:08:23Z","timestamp":1790093303000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Photoprotection properties of clothing measured across ultraviolet and visible wavelengths"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4951-7152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Meehan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bajek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Rendell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Higlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Khazova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenny","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewan","family":"Eadie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"997_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moan, J., Dahlback, A. (1993). Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer: Epidemiological data from Scandinavia. In Environmental UV photobiology (255\u2013293).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2406-3_10"},{"key":"997_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leiter, U., Garbe, C. (2008). Epidemiology of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer\u2014The role of sunlight. In Sunlight, vitamin D and skin cancer (89\u2013103).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77574-6_8"},{"issue":"2","key":"997_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqn170","volume":"59","author":"C Young","year":"2009","unstructured":"Young, C. (2009). Solar ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer. Occupational Medicine, 59(2), 82\u201388.","journal-title":"Occupational Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"997_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70034","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.70034","volume":"41","author":"D Bajek","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bajek, D., Dawe, R., Eadie, E., McGuire, V. A., & Ibbotson, S. (2025). Sunscreen and photoprotection habits for patients with porphyria and non-porphyric photosensitivity conditions. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, 41(4), 70034.","journal-title":"Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine"},{"key":"997_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gambichler, T., Altmeyer, P., Hoffmann, K. (2002). Role of clothes in sun protection. In Cancers of the Skin: Proceedings of the 8th World Congress (15\u201325). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59410-6_3"},{"key":"997_CR6","unstructured":"Standards Australia. (2020). AS 4399:2020. Sun protective clothing: Evaluation and classification"},{"key":"997_CR7","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization. (2006). EN 13758-1:2002+A1:2006 Textiles\u2014Solar UV Protective Properties\u2014Part 1: Method of test for apparel fabrics"},{"key":"997_CR8","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization. (2006). EN 13758-2:2003+A1:2006 Textiles-Solar UV Protective Properties\u2014Part 2: Classification and marking of apparel"},{"key":"997_CR9","unstructured":"American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists. (2020). AATCC TM183-2020 transmittance or blocking of erythemally weighted ultraviolet radiation through fabrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"997_CR10","first-page":"174","volume":"7","author":"T Gambichler","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gambichler, T., Hatch, K. L., Avermaete, A., Altmeyer, P., & Hoffmann, K. (2001). Influence of wetness on the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of textiles. Skin Research and Technology, 7(3), 174\u2013178.","journal-title":"Skin Research and Technology"},{"key":"997_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louris, E., Sfiroera, E., Priniotakis, G., Makris, R., Siemos, H., Efthymiou, C., Assimakopoulos, M. (2018). Evaluating the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of various knit fabric structures. In: IOP conference series: Materials science and engineering (Vol. 459, p. 012051). IOP Publishing.","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/459\/1\/012051"},{"issue":"1","key":"997_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0781.2002.180105.x","volume":"18","author":"T Gambichler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gambichler, T., Hatch, K. L., Avermaete, A., Altmeyer, P., & Hoffmann, K. (2002). Influence of wetness on the ultraviolet protection factor (upf) of textiles: In vitro and in vivo measurements. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, 18(1), 29\u201335.","journal-title":"Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine"},{"key":"997_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fernau, E., Ilyas, S. M., Ilyas, E. N., Ilyas, E. N., et al. (2023). The impact of routine laundering on ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) values for commercially available sun-protective clothing. Cureus 15(7), e42256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.42256.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.42256"},{"issue":"4","key":"997_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15938","volume":"178","author":"N Downs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Downs, N., & Harrison, S. (2018). A comprehensive approach to evaluating and classifying sun-protective clothing. British Journal of Dermatology, 178(4), 958\u2013964.","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"997_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, J. T., Ilyas, E., Ilyas, E. N., et al. (2022). An overview of ultraviolet-protective clothing. Cureus 14(7): e27333. doi:10.7759\/cureus.27333","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.27333"},{"issue":"8","key":"997_CR16","first-page":"1089","volume":"137","author":"K Hoffmann","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hoffmann, K., Laperre, J., Avermaete, A., Altmeyer, P., & Gambichler, T. (2001). Defined uv protection by apparel textiles. Archives of Dermatology, 137(8), 1089\u20131094.","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"997_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2020.03.017","volume":"95","author":"MM Yoshida","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoshida, M. M., Esposito, A. C. C., & Miot, H. A. (2020). UVB, UVA, and visible light (blue-violet range) transmittance of clothing used in Brazil. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia, 95(6), 768\u2013770.","journal-title":"Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia"},{"key":"997_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12388","volume":"23","author":"C Battie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Battie, C., Jitsukawa, S., Bernerd, F., Del Bino, S., Marionnet, C., & Verschoore, M. (2014). New insights in photoaging, UVA induced damage and skin types. 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Immediate pigment darkening: Visual and reflectance spectrophotometric analysis of action spectrum. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 51(5), 583\u2013588.","journal-title":"Photochemistry and Photobiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"997_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13634","volume":"98","author":"N Ezekwe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ezekwe, N., Maghfour, J., & Kohli, I. (2022). Visible light and the skin. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 98(6), 1264\u20131269.","journal-title":"Photochemistry and Photobiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"997_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.115.228130","volume":"356","author":"M Sachar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sachar, M., Anderson, K. E., & Ma, X. (2016). Protoporphyrin IX: The good, the bad, and the ugly. 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Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 54(1), 86\u201393.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"key":"997_CR27","unstructured":"JASCO Corporation. (2025). Integrating spheres for UV\u2013visible\/NIR spectrophotometers. https:\/\/www.jasco.co.uk\/integrating-spheres.html. Accessed 4 Aug 2025."},{"key":"997_CR28","unstructured":"Commission Internationale de l\u2019E\u00b4clairage (CIE). (1998). Erythema reference action spectrum and standard erythema dose. Technical Report CIE S 007\/E-1998, CIE, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"997_CR29","unstructured":"Prahl, S. A. Protoporphyrin IX Dimethyl Ester. PhotochemCAD spectral database. https:\/\/omlc.org\/spectra\/PhotochemCAD\/html\/149.html. Accessed 25 June 2026."},{"issue":"2","key":"997_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.01401.x","volume":"20","author":"T Gambichler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gambichler, T., Laperre, J., & Hoffmann, K. (2006). The European standard for sun-protective clothing: EN 13758. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 20(2), 125\u2013130.","journal-title":"Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"997_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108s171","volume":"108","author":"FP Gasparro","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gasparro, F. P. (2000). Sunscreens, skin photobiology, and skin cancer: The need for UVA protection and evaluation of efficacy. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(suppl 1), 71\u201378.","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"997_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2020.111948","volume":"209","author":"A Ry\u0161av\u00e1","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ry\u0161av\u00e1, A., C\u00edzkov\u00e1, K., Frankov\u00e1, J., Roubalov\u00e1, L., Ulrichov\u00e1, J., Vost\u00e1lov\u00e1, J., Vrba, J., Z\u00e1le\u0161\u00e1k, B., & Svobodov\u00e1, A. R. (2020). Effect of UVA radiation on the Nrf2 signalling pathway in human skin ce7lls. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 209, Article 111948.","journal-title":"Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"997_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030542","volume":"14","author":"EG Berry","year":"2022","unstructured":"Berry, E. G., Bezecny, J., Acton, M., Sulmonetti, T. P., Anderson, D. M., Beckham, H. W., Durr, R. A., Chiba, T., Beem, J., Brash, D. E., et al. (2022). Slip versus slop: A head-to-head comparison of UV-protective clothing to sunscreen. Cancers, 14(3), 542.","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"997_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(90)85083-9","volume":"6","author":"J Kennedy","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kennedy, J., Pottier, R., & Pross, D. (1990). Photodynamic therapy with endogenous protoporphyrin: Ix: Basic principles and present clinical experience. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 6(1\u20132), 143\u2013148.","journal-title":"Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"997_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2006.00202.x","volume":"22","author":"S Ibbotson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ibbotson, S., Jong, C., Lesar, A., Ferguson, J., Padgett, M., O\u2019Dwyer, M., Barnetson, R., & Ferguson, J. (2006). 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