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Over recent decades, rising atmospheric CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> levels have sparked significant concern due to their role in driving climate change. While some studies highlight the potential benefits of eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, such as increased crop yields and improved water-use efficiency, many recent investigations reveal a concerning decline in crop nutritional quality. eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> has been shown to reduce concentrations of key nutrients, including nitrogen, minerals, vitamins, polyphenols, and other non-nutrient compounds, as well as alter gene expression. These changes are further complicated by interactions with heat stress and drought, presenting significant challenges in predicting sustainable future crop productivity. These nutritional declines exacerbate the global crisis of malnutrition and hidden hunger, threatening the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG2), which aims to end hunger and ensure food security. Addressing these challenges requires further research, interdisciplinary collaboration, and innovative approaches to mitigate the adverse effects of eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> on crop physiology and nutritional content while maximising agricultural sustainability. This review aims to provide insights into the complex mechanisms governing crop responses to eCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> using wheat as a model and proposes pathways for future research and agricultural practices. These strategies are critical for tackling the intricate dynamics of climate variability, ensuring nutrient-rich food production, and securing food security in the face of a rapidly changing climate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44154-025-00217-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T07:38:10Z","timestamp":1746689890000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Current impacts of elevated CO2 on crop nutritional quality: a review using wheat as a case study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8349-5024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiata Ugwah","family":"Ekele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Perez de Heredia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie E.","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulmannan","family":"Fadel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael C.","family":"Symonds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"217_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"AbdElgawad H, Hassan YM, Alotaibi MO, Mohammed AE, Saleh AM (2020) C3 and C4 plant systems respond differently to the concurrent challenges of mercuric oxide nanoparticles and future climate CO2 Sci Total Environ 749:142356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142356.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142356"},{"key":"217_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824476","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.824476","volume":"13","author":"LOA Abdelhakim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdelhakim LOA, Mendanha T, Palma CFF, Vrobel O, \u0160tefelov\u00e1 N, \u0106avar Zeljkovi\u0107 S, Tarkowski P, De Diego N, Wollenweber B, Rosenqvist E, Ottosen C-O (2022) Elevated CO2 improves the physiology but not the final yield in spring wheat genotypes subjected to heat and drought stress during anthesis. 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