{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:52:36Z","timestamp":1791330756929,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":86,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Ment Health"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44192-026-00536-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T04:44:18Z","timestamp":1783917858000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards mental health amongst adults in Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Nuruddeen","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fawaz","family":"Babandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umar","family":"Also","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usman Muhammad","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"536_CR1","unstructured":"Biria N. Mental Health in India: 7.5% of Country Affected;Less Than 4,000 Experts: The Economic Times. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/magazines\/panache\/mental-health-in-india-75ofcountryaffectedlessthan4000expertsavailable\/articleshow\/71500130.cms?from=mdr. Last accessed on 26 Feb 2026."},{"key":"536_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. Mental Disorders Affect One in Four People. 2001. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/whr\/2001\/media_centre\/press_release\/en. Last accessed 26 Feb 2026."},{"key":"536_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World Mental Health Today and Mental Health Atlas 2024: over a billion people living with mental health conditions \u2013 services require urgent scale-up. WHO. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/02-09-2025-over-a-billion-people-living-with-mental-health-conditions-services-require-urgent-scale-up. Last accessed 26 Feb 2026."},{"key":"536_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mental disorders fact sheet, WHO. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/mental-disorders."},{"key":"536_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO releases new reports and estimates highlighting urgent gaps in mental health [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/02-09-2025-who-releases-new-reports-and-estimates-highlighting-urgent-gaps-in-mental-health. Cited 26 Feb 2026."},{"key":"536_CR6","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mental Health Atlas 2024 report. WHO. 2025. World Health Organization. Mental health atlas 2024. Geneva: WHO; 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240114487. Cited 26 Feb 2026."},{"key":"536_CR7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mental Health Atlas 2024: assessment of policies, financing, and workforce. WHO. 2025. World Health Organization. Mental health atlas 2024: assessment of policies, financing, and workforce. Geneva: WHO; 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240114487. Cited 26 Feb 2026."},{"key":"536_CR8","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 2013\u20132030. WHO. 2013 (updated 2021). World Health Organization. Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 2013\u20132030. Geneva: WHO; 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240031029. Cited 26 Feb 2026."},{"key":"536_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel V. Mental health in low- and middle-income countries. Br Med Bull. 2007;81\u201382:81\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bmb\/ldm010. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17470476.","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldm010"},{"key":"536_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saraceno B, van Ommeren M, Batniji R, Cohen A, Gureje O, Mahoney J et al. Barriers to improvement of mental health services in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2007;370(9593):1164-74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61263-X. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17804061.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61263-X"},{"key":"536_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruckner TA, Scheffler RM, Shen G, Yoon J, Chisholm D, Morris J et al. The mental health workforce gap in low- and middle-income countries: a needs-based approach. Bull World Health Organ. 2011;89(3):184\u2009\u2013\u200994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/BLT.10.082784. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21379414.","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.082784"},{"key":"536_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Suasnabar JMH, Walters B. Community-based psychosocial substance use disorder interventions in low-and-middle-income countries: a narrative literature review. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2020;14:74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13033-020-00405-3. Available from: https:\/\/ijmhs.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13033-020-00405-3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-020-00405-3"},{"key":"536_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2021.102601","volume":"58","author":"A Javed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Javed A, Lee C, Zakaria H, Buenaventura RD, Cetkovich-Bakmas M, Duailibi K, Ng B, Ramy H, Saha G, Arifeen S, Elorza PM, Ratnasingham P, Azeem MW. Reducing the stigma of mental health disorders with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. Asian J Psychiatr. 2021;58:102601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2021.102601.","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"536_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_391_22","volume":"12","author":"S Rameez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rameez S, Nasir A. Barriers to mental health treatment in primary care practice in low- and middle-income countries in a post-covid era: A systematic review. J Family Med Prim Care. 2023;12(8):1485\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_391_22.","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"536_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giebel C, Gabbay M, Shrestha N, Saldarriaga G, Reilly S, White R et al. Community-based mental health interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a qualitative study with international experts. Int J Equity Health. 2024;23:19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-024-02106-6. Available from: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12939-024-02106-6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-024-02106-6"},{"issue":"3","key":"536_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2010.482557","volume":"22","author":"C Hanlon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hanlon C, Tesfaye M, Wondimagegn D, Shibre T. Ethical and professional challenges in mental health care in low- and middle-income countries. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2010;22(3):245\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09540261.2010.482557.","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"536_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gureje O, Abdulmalik J, Kola L et al. Integrating mental health into primary care in Nigeria: report of a demonstration project using the Mental Health Gap Action Programme Intervention Guide. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15:242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-015-0911-3. Available from: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12913-015-0911-3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-015-0911-3"},{"key":"536_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adewuya AO, Atilola O, Ola BA et al. Current prevalence, comorbidity and associated factors for symptoms of depression and generalised anxiety in the Lagos State Mental Health Survey (LSMHS), Nigeria. Compr Psychiatry. 2018;81:60\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2017.11.010. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29268153\/.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2017.11.010"},{"key":"536_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abubakar AK, Yisa MN, Olukorode SO et al. Prevalence of mental health illness in Nigeria: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2025;14:180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-025-02934-9. Available from: https:\/\/systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13643-025-02934-9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-025-02934-9"},{"key":"536_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2013.14.159.1970","volume":"14","author":"IO Jack-Ide","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jack-Ide IO, Uys L. Barriers to mental health services utilization in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria: service users\u2019 perspectives. Pan Afr Med J. 2013;14:159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/pamj.2013.14.159.1970.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"536_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2024.19","volume":"11","author":"KP Fadele","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fadele KP, Igwe SC, Toluwalogo NO, Udokang EI, Ogaya JB, Lucero-Prisno. DE 3rd. Mental health challenges in Nigeria: Bridging the gap between demand and resources. Glob Ment Health (Camb). 2024;11:e29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/gmh.2024.19.","journal-title":"Glob Ment Health (Camb)"},{"key":"536_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2021.100166","volume":"2","author":"YH Wada","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wada YH, Rajwani L, Anyam E, Karikari E, Njikizana M, Srour L, Khalid GM. Mental health in Nigeria: A Neglected issue in Public Health. Public Health Pract (Oxf). 2021;2:100166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhip.2021.100166.","journal-title":"Public Health Pract (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2","key":"536_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4314\/mmj.v32i2.6","volume":"32","author":"IO Mojiminiyi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mojiminiyi IO, Balogun MR, Ogunnowo BE. Knowledge and attitude towards mental disorders among adults in an urban community in south-west Nigeria. Malawi Med J. 2020;32(2):87\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/mmj.v32i2.6.","journal-title":"Malawi Med J"},{"key":"536_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.186.5.436","volume":"186","author":"O Gureje","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gureje O, Lasebikan VO, Ephraim-Oluwanuga O, Olley BO, Kola L. Community study of knowledge of and attitude to mental illness in Nigeria. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;186:436\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.186.5.436.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"536_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-3258-72-46","volume":"72","author":"J Hoebel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hoebel J, von der Lippe E, Lange C, Ziese T. Mode differences in a mixed-mode health interview survey among adults. Arch Public Health 2014. 2014;72:46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2049-3258-72-46.","journal-title":"Arch Public Health 2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"536_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3233\/SJI-220088","volume":"39","author":"J Mackeben","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mackeben J, Sakshaug JW. Transitioning an employee panel survey from telephone to online and mixed-mode data collection. Stat J IAOS. 2023;39(1):203\u201315.","journal-title":"Stat J IAOS"},{"key":"536_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Muhammad N, Babandi F, Ibrahim UM. Correlates of generalized anxiety disorder and depression among adults in Jigawa State, northwest Nigeria. Discov Public Health. 2025;22:866. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12982-025-01275-1.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-025-01275-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"536_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4103\/npmj.npmj_19_20","volume":"27","author":"OA Bolarinwa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bolarinwa OA Sample size estimation for health and social science researchers: The principles and considerations for different study designs. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2020;27(2):67\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/npmj.npmj_19_20.","journal-title":"Niger Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"536_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-017-0237-1","volume":"76","author":"E Mauz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mauz E, von der Lippe E, Allen J, Schilling R, M\u00fcters S, Hoebel J, et al. Mixing modes in a population-based interview survey: comparison of a sequential and a concurrent mixed-mode design for public health research. Arch Public Health. 2018;76:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13690-017-0237-1.","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"536_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10285-y","volume":"21","author":"M Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee M, Kang BA, You M. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in South Korea. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:295.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"536_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-025-00839-5","volume":"22","author":"AA Danzomo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Danzomo AA, Kofi B, Audu S, Ibrahim UM, Ismail T, Bawa JA, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of One Health among multisectoral stakeholders in Kano state, Northwest Nigeria. Discov Public Health. 2025;22:530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12982-025-00839-5.","journal-title":"Discov Public Health"},{"key":"536_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-019-0261-3","volume":"13","author":"E Ahmed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmed E, Merga H, Alemseged F. Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards mental illness service provision and associated factors among health extension professionals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2019;13:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13033-019-0261-3.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"536_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e048381","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048381","volume":"12","author":"Y Tesfaye","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tesfaye Y, Birhanu Z, Agenagnew L, Anand S, Yitbarek K, Ahmed G, et al. Knowledge and attitude of health extension workers regarding mental health problems in Jimma Zone. Ethiopia BMJ Open. 2022;12(2):e048381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048381.","journal-title":"Ethiopia BMJ Open"},{"key":"536_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555615","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1555615","volume":"13","author":"Z Chu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chu Z, Xie J, Liu R, Ou L, Lan Z, Xie G. Gender-specific differences in mental health literacy and influencing factors among residents in Foshan City, China: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1555615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1555615.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"536_CR35","first-page":"367","volume":"11","author":"K Thapa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thapa K, Jalal R. Mental health knowledge and attitudes of adolescents toward individuals with mental illness. Int J Appl Res. 2025;11(10):367\u201370.","journal-title":"Int J Appl Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"536_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.44.3.1","volume":"44","author":"HY Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee HY, Hwang J, Ball JG, Lee J, Yu Y, Albright DL. Mental health literacy affects mental health attitude: Is there a gender difference? Am J Health Behav. 2020;44(3):282\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5993\/AJHB.44.3.1.","journal-title":"Am J Health Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"536_CR37","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"K Wong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wong K. Gender differences in mental health literacy of university students. West Undergrad Psychol J. 2016;4(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"West Undergrad Psychol J"},{"key":"536_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-125","volume":"8","author":"L Farrer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Farrer L, Leach L, Griffiths KM, Christensen H, Jorm AF. Age differences in mental health literacy. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:125.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"536_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Clarkin J, Heywood C, Robinson LJ. Are younger people more accurate at identifying mental health disorders, recommending help appropriately, and do they show lower mental health stigma than older people? Age differences in mental health disorder recognition. Ment Health Prev. 2024;36:200361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mhp.2024.200361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhp.2024.200361"},{"issue":"2","key":"536_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e146198","DOI":"10.5812\/jnms-146198","volume":"11","author":"K Fazlifar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fazlifar K, Jorbonyan A, Rafati Lemraski M, Papi S. Mental Health Literacy and Attitude Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Among Iranian Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Nurs Midwifery Sci. 2024;11(2):e146198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/jnms-146198.","journal-title":"J Nurs Midwifery Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"536_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbz022","volume":"75","author":"M Fleischmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fleischmann M, Xue B, Head J. Mental health before and after retirement \u2014 Whitehall II prospective study of British civil servants. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2020;75(2):403\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbz022.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"536_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.32604\/ijmhp.2024.050822","volume":"26","author":"Y Tang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang Y, Zhao Y, Li H, Wang X. Association between mental health literacy and workplace wellbeing of Chinese grassroots civil servants. Int J Ment Health Promot. 2024;26(7):559\u201368.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Promot"},{"issue":"3","key":"536_CR43","first-page":"250","volume":"24","author":"O Onwujekwe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Onwujekwe O, Uzochukwu B, Eze S, Okeke C. Prevalence of depression and psychological wellbeing among retired civil servants in Nigeria. J Fam Soc Work. 2021;24(3):250\u201362.","journal-title":"J Fam Soc Work"},{"issue":"12","key":"536_CR44","first-page":"45","volume":"19","author":"UC Okafor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Okafor UC, Ezeani I. Job stress effect and neglect of personal health education among civil servant retirees in Mbo LGA, Nigeria. AkSU J Med Sci. 2022;19(12):45\u201354.","journal-title":"AkSU J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"536_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/hlv089","volume":"41","author":"D Wendt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wendt D, Shafer K. Gender and attitudes about mental health help-seeking: Results from national data. Health Soc Work. 2014;41(1):e20\u20138.","journal-title":"Health Soc Work"},{"issue":"5","key":"536_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2012.748827","volume":"67","author":"B Ewalds-Kvist","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ewalds-Kvist B, H\u00f6gberg T, L\u00fctz\u00e9n K. Impact of gender and age on attitudes towards mental illness in Sweden. Nord J Psychiatry. 2013;67(5):360\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/08039488.2012.748827.","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"536_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796011000552","volume":"21","author":"A Holzinger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Holzinger A, Floris F, Schomerus G, Carta MG, Angermeyer MC. Gender differences in public beliefs and attitudes about mental disorder in western countries: A systematic review of population studies. Epidemiol Psychiatric Sci. 2012;21(1):73\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S2045796011000552.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatric Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"536_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2005.05.006","volume":"27","author":"J Liggins","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liggins J, Hatcher S Stigma toward the mentally ill in the general hospital: a qualitative study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2005;27(5):359\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2005.05.006.","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"536_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1177\/0091217415612721","volume":"50","author":"JE Noblett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Noblett JE, Lawrence R, Smith JG. The attitudes of general hospital doctors toward patients with comorbid mental illness. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2015;50(4):370\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0091217415612721.","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"key":"536_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-317","volume":"11","author":"H Minas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Minas H, Zamzam R, Midin M, Cohen A. Attitudes of Malaysian general hospital staff towards patients with mental illness and diabetes. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-11-317.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"536_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s43045-025-00550-w","volume":"32","author":"W Sabry","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sabry W, Fathy A, Attya N, Ahmed H, Al-adl F, Abdelbaset S, et al. Attitude toward mental illness among a sample of medical students and non-psychiatric doctors at Badr University, Egypt. Middle East Curr Psychiatry. 2025;32:55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43045-025-00550-w.","journal-title":"Middle East Curr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"536_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P20","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-7-S1-P20","volume":"7","author":"A Mastrogianni","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mastrogianni A, Papazisis G, Karastergiou A, Vassiliou K, Dimitrakopoulos A, Christodoulou GN, et al. Attitudes of patients attending a mental health center towards psychiatric hospitalization. BMC Psychiatry. 2007;7(Suppl 1):P20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-244X-7-S1-P20.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"536_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-022-00567-2","volume":"16","author":"LM Sori","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sori LM, Sema FD, Tekle MT. Internalized stigma and associated factors among people with mental illness at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2021. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2022;16:58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13033-022-00567-2.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"issue":"10","key":"536_CR54","first-page":"99750","volume":"7","author":"A Adamu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adamu A, Bello-Musa H, Yusuf ASS. Attitude of parents to childhood psychiatric disorders and associated demographic factors in northern Nigeria. Sci Res J. 2019;7(10):99750\u201360.","journal-title":"Sci Res J"},{"issue":"3","key":"536_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2024.2361235","volume":"34","author":"T Perich","year":"2025","unstructured":"Perich T, Andriessen K. The impact of family history of mental illness on mental health help seeking in university students. J Ment Health. 2025;34(3):247\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638237.2024.2361235.","journal-title":"J Ment Health"},{"key":"536_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_730_22","volume":"12","author":"IA Amaechi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amaechi IA, Nwani PO, Akadieze AO. Stigmatizing attitude towards mental illness, disabilities, emotional and behavioural disorders, among healthcare students in a Tropical University College of Health Sciences. J Educ Health Promot. 2023;12:82. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jehp.jehp_730_22.","journal-title":"J Educ Health Promot"},{"key":"536_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adu J, Oudshoorn A, Anderson K, Marshall CA, Stuart H. Negotiating familial mental illness stigma: The role of family members of persons living with mental illnesses. PLoS One. 2024;19(9):e0311170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0311170. Erratum in: PLoS One. 2025 Sep 29;20(9):e0333321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0333321.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311170"},{"key":"536_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lora A, Hanna F, Chisholm D. Mental health service availability and delivery at the global level: an analysis by countries\u2019 income level from WHO\u2019s Mental Health Atlas 2014. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2017;13:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S2045796017000075.","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796017000075"},{"issue":"1","key":"536_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-07529-1","volume":"25","author":"H Wao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wao H, Wao MA, Omollo SB, Mutua CK. Availability, accessibility, and utilization of mental health services or support among university students in Africa: a mixed methods systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-synthesis. BMC Psychiatry. 2025;25(1):1082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07529-1.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"536_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-023-01127-9","volume":"60","author":"DR Adams","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adams DR. Availability and Accessibility of Mental Health Services for Youth: A Descriptive Survey of Safety-Net Health Centers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Community Ment Health J. 2024;60(1):88\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10597-023-01127-9.","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"issue":"3","key":"536_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/13548500701473952","volume":"13","author":"MP McCabe","year":"2008","unstructured":"McCabe MP, Leas L. A qualitative study of primary health care access, barriers and satisfaction among people with mental illness. Psychol Health Med. 2008;13(3):303\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13548500701473952.","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"key":"536_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-34","volume":"6","author":"HD Zachrisson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zachrisson HD, R\u00f6dje K, Mykletun A. Utilization of health services in relation to mental health problems in adolescents: a population-based survey. BMC Public Health. 2006;6:34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-6-34.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"536_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05965-z","volume":"24","author":"Y Gao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao Y, Burns R, Leach L, Chilver MR, Butterworth P. Examining the mental health services among people with mental disorders: a literature review. BMC Psychiatry. 2024;24:568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-024-05965-z.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Discover Mental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44192-026-00536-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44192-026-00536-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44192-026-00536-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:21:46Z","timestamp":1791328906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44192-026-00536-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44192-026-00536-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-4383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-4383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee of the Jigawa State Ministry of Health (Approval No. JGHREC\/2024\/0076) on 24 September 2024. The research was conducted in strict adherence to the ethical principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki.Informed consent was obtained from all the participants studied. The protocol excluded individuals younger than 18 years of age, as such parent or legal guardian of individuals within such age brackets were not involved to provide consent.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"187"}}