{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:12:28Z","timestamp":1793059948030,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]],"date-time":"2022-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]],"date-time":"2022-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Glob Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>An epidemiological transition in the prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) is taking place especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where an ageing population and adoption of western lifestyles are associated with an increase in PAD. We discuss the limited evidence which suggests that infection, potentially mediated by inflammation, may be a risk factor for PAD, and show by means of an ecological analysis that country-level prevalence of the major endemic infections of HIV, tuberculosis and malaria are associated with the prevalence of PAD. While further research is required, we propose that scientists and health authorities pay more attention to the interplay between communicable and non-communicable diseases, and we suggest that limiting the occurrence of endemic infections might have some effect on slowing the epidemiological transition in PAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-022-00049-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]],"date-time":"2022-07-16T10:16:02Z","timestamp":1657966562000},"page":"219-223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Global Epidemiological Transition in Cardiovascular Diseases: Unrecognised Impact of Endemic Infections on Peripheral Artery Disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Agius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia C.","family":"Cutts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peige","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Rudan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Rudan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Aboyans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary M.","family":"McDermott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Criqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. Gerald R.","family":"Fowkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5832-9464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freya J. I.","family":"Fowkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9901","key":"49_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61249-0","volume":"382","author":"FG Fowkes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fowkes FG, Rudan D, Rudan I, Aboyans V, Denenberg JO, McDermott MM, et al. Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: a systematic review and analysis. Lancet. 2013;382(9901):1329\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61249-0.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"49_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1020","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30255-4","volume":"7","author":"P Song","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song P, Rudan D, Zhu Y, Fowkes FJI, Rahimi K, Fowkes FGR, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2015: an updated systematic review and analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(8):e1020\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30255-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"25","key":"49_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","volume":"76","author":"GA Roth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990\u20132019: update from the GBD 2019 Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(25):2982\u20133021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"49_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1547385","volume":"25","author":"J Budzynski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Budzynski J, Wisniewska J, Ciecierski M, Kedzia A. Association between bacterial infection and peripheral vascular disease: a review. Int J Angiol. 2016;25(1):3\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0035-1547385.","journal-title":"Int J Angiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"49_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9150(01)00761-4","volume":"163","author":"DG Bloemenkamp","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bloemenkamp DG, Mali WP, Tanis BC, Rosendaal FR, van den Bosch MA, Kemmeren JM, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori and cytomegalovirus infections and the risk of peripheral arterial disease in young women. Atherosclerosis. 2002;163(1):149\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0021-9150(01)00761-4.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"3","key":"49_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032647","volume":"138","author":"JA Beckman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beckman JA, Duncan MS, Alcorn CW, So-Armah K, Butt AA, Goetz MB, et al. Association of human immunodeficiency virus infection and risk of peripheral artery disease. Circulation. 2018;138(3):255\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032647.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"49_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu701","volume":"59","author":"J Schouten","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schouten J, Wit FW, Stolte IG, Kootstra NA, van der Valk M, Geerlings SE, et al. Cross-sectional comparison of the prevalence of age-associated comorbidities and their risk factors between HIV-infected and uninfected individuals: the AGEhIV cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(12):1787\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciu701.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"49_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181ba1c31","volume":"53","author":"Y Ye","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ye Y, Zeng Y, Li X, Zhang S, Fang Q, Luo L, et al. HIV infection: an independent risk factor of peripheral arterial disease. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;53(2):276\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181ba1c31.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"1","key":"49_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87862-z","volume":"11","author":"I Desormais","year":"2021","unstructured":"Desormais I, Harimenshi D, Niyongabo T, Lacroix P, Aboyans V, Preux PM. HIV clinical stages and lower extremity arterial disease among HIV infected outpatients in Burundi. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):8296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-87862-z.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"49_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-015-0014-5","author":"MA Huaman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huaman MA, Henson D, Ticona E, Sterling TR, Garvy BA. Tuberculosis and cardiovascular disease: linking the epidemics. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40794-015-0014-5.","journal-title":"Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines."},{"issue":"8","key":"49_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13117","volume":"22","author":"SH Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang SH, Chien WC, Chung CH, Lin FH, Peng CK, Chian CF, et al. Tuberculosis increases the risk of peripheral arterial disease: a nationwide population-based study. Respirology. 2017;22(8):1670\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/resp.13117.","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"5","key":"49_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.08.005","volume":"71","author":"Q de Mast","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Mast Q, Brouwers J, Syafruddin D, Bousema T, Baidjoe AY, de Groot PG, et al. Is asymptomatic malaria really asymptomatic? Hematological, vascular and inflammatory effects of asymptomatic malaria parasitemia. J Infect. 2015;71(5):587\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.08.005.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"49_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.10.015","volume":"26","author":"CJ Smith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith CJ, Ryckman KK, Barnabei VM, Howard BV, Isasi CR, Sarto GE, et al. The impact of birth weight on cardiovascular disease risk in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2016;26(3):239\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.10.015.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"49_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308763","volume":"119","author":"AO Etyang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Etyang AO, Smeeth L, Cruickshank JK, Scott JA. The malaria-high blood pressure hypothesis. Circ Res. 2016;119(1):36\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308763.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"49_CR15","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease. www.healthdata.org\/gbd\/data Seattle: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; 2021 [cited 2021]. Available from: www.healthdata.org\/gbd\/data. Accessed 13 Mar 2020."},{"issue":"3","key":"49_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.179","volume":"14","author":"FG Fowkes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fowkes FG, Aboyans V, Fowkes FJ, McDermott MM, Sampson UK, Criqui MH. Peripheral artery disease: epidemiology and global perspectives. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017;14(3):156\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.179.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"49_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihv040","volume":"7","author":"T Oni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oni T, Unwin N. Why the communicable\/non-communicable disease dichotomy is problematic for public health control strategies: implications of multimorbidity for health systems in an era of health transition. Int Health. 2015;7(6):390\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/inthealth\/ihv040.","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"49_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.23736\/S0392-9590.16.03716-0","volume":"36","author":"FG Fowkes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fowkes FG, Forster RB, Levin CE, Naidoo NG, Roy A, Shu C, et al. Prioritization of treatments for lower extremity peripheral artery disease in low- and middle-income countries. Int Angiol. 2017;36(3):203\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S0392-9590.16.03716-0.","journal-title":"Int Angiol"},{"key":"49_CR19","unstructured":"The World Bank. Washington: The World Bank; [cited 2021]. Available from: https:\/\/datatopics.worldbank.org\/world-development-indicators\/the-world-by-income-and-region.html. Accessed 24 Aug 2020."}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-022-00049-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44197-022-00049-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-022-00049-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T15:52:09Z","timestamp":1664985129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44197-022-00049-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["49"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44197-022-00049-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-6014"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-6014","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 June 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"In the past three years, MMM has received research funding from Regeneron and Helixmith and other research support from Mars, Hershey, ReserveAge, Chromadex, and ArtAssist. VA has received payment from Bayer Healthcare, NovoNordisk, AstraZeneca, BoehringerIngelheim. Other authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}