{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:39:18Z","timestamp":1787236758904,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006389","name":"University of Geneva","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006389","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Glob Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2021, an Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak was declared in Guinea, linked to persistent virus from the 2014\u20132016 West Africa Epidemic. This paper analyzes factors associated with contact tracing reliability (defined as completion of a 21-day daily follow-up) during the 2021 outbreak, and transitively, provides recommendations for enhancing contact tracing reliability in future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study using multivariate regression analysis of contact tracing data from 1071 EVD contacts of 23 EVD cases (16 confirmed and 7 probable).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Findings revealed statistically significant factors affecting contact tracing reliability. Unmarried contacts were 12.76\u00d7 more likely to miss follow-up than those married (OR\u2009=\u200912.76; 95% CI [3.39\u201348.05];\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Rural-dwelling contacts had 99% lower odds of being missed during the 21-day follow-up, compared to those living in urban areas (OR\u2009=\u20090.01; 95% CI [0.00\u20130.02];\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Contacts who did not receive food donations were 3\u00d7 more likely to be missed (OR\u2009=\u20093.09; 95% CI [1.68\u20135.65];\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared to those who received them. Contacts in health areas with a single team were 8\u00d7 more likely to be missed (OR\u2009=\u20098.16; 95% CI [5.57\u201311.96];\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) than those in health areas with two or more teams (OR\u2009=\u20091.00; 95% CI [1.68\u20135.65];\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Unvaccinated contacts were 30.1\u00d7 more likely to be missed compared to vaccinated contacts (OR\u2009=\u200930.1; 95% CI [5.12\u2013176.83];\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings suggest that contact tracing reliability can be significantly influenced by various demographic and organizational factors. Considering and understanding these factors\u2014and where possible addressing them\u2014may be crucial when designing and implementing contact tracing strategies during future outbreaks in low-resource\u00a0settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-024-00202-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T05:13:55Z","timestamp":1708319635000},"page":"699-709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Factors Associated with Reliable Contact Tracing During the 2021 Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in Guinea"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6304-9288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mory","family":"Keita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahima Sory","family":"Cherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8634-4255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan A.","family":"Polonsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6470-5470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel T.","family":"Boland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youba","family":"Kandako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4768-9234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahamoud Sama","family":"Cherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou","family":"Kourouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aly Antoine","family":"Kamano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houssainatou","family":"Bah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahima Sory","family":"Fofana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges Alfred","family":"Ki-zerbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7075-4447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Dagron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dick","family":"Chamla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4613-4904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdou Salam","family":"Gueye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8191-2789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Keiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7877","key":"202_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03901-9","volume":"597","author":"AK Keita","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keita AK, Koundouno FR, Faye M, et al. Resurgence of Ebola virus in 2021 in Guinea suggests a new paradigm for outbreaks. Nature. 2021;597(7877):539\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03901-9.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"202_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2021.08.002","volume":"60","author":"EI Ohimain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ohimain EI, Silas-Olu D. The 2013\u20132016 Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2021;60:360\u20135.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"202_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0147-3","author":"ST Jacob","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jacob ST, Crozier I, Fischer WA, et al. Ebola virus disease. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-020-0147-3.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Prim"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"202_CR4","first-page":"2014","volume":"218","author":"L Subissi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Subissi L, Keita M, Mesfin S, et al. Ebola virus transmission caused by persistently infected survivors of the 2014\u20132016 outbreak in West Africa. J Infect Dis. 2018;218(Suppl 5):2014\u20138.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"202_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024670","volume":"384","author":"P Mbala-Kingebeni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mbala-Kingebeni P, Pratt C, Mutafali-Ruffin M, et al. Ebola virus transmission initiated by relapse of systemic Ebola virus disease. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(13):1240\u20137.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"202_CR6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014) Contact tracing during an outbreak of Ebola virus disease. [cited 2024 Jan 10]. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/159040\/9789290232575.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"202_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v17i1.28","volume":"17","author":"S Saurabh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saurabh S, Prateek S. Role of contact tracing in containing the 2014 Ebola outbreak: a review. Afr Health Sci. 2017;17(1):225\u201336.","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"202_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1904253","volume":"381","author":"O Ilunga Kalenga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ilunga Kalenga O, Moeti M, Sparrow A, Nguyen V-K, Lucey D, Ghebreyesus TA. The ongoing Ebola epidemic in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 2018\u20132019. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(4):373\u201383.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"50","key":"202_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6850a3","volume":"68","author":"A Aruna","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aruna A, Mbala P, Minikulu L, et al. Ebola virus disease outbreak\u2014Democratic Republic of the Congo, August 2018\u2013November 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(50):1162\u20135.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"202_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010984","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-010984","volume":"8","author":"M Keita","year":"2023","unstructured":"Keita M, Talisuna A, Chamla D, et al. Investing in preparedness for rapid detection and control of epidemics: analysis of health system reforms and their effect on 2021 Ebola virus disease epidemic response in Guinea. BMJ Glob Health. 2023;8(1):e010984.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"202_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2712.204958","volume":"27","author":"JA Polonsky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Polonsky JA, B\u00f6hning D, Keita M, et al. Novel use of capture-recapture methods to estimate completeness of contact tracing during an Ebola outbreak, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2018\u20132020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(12):3063\u201372.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"202_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e607","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30184-9","volume":"2","author":"I Braithwaite","year":"2020","unstructured":"Braithwaite I, Callender T, Bullock M, Aldridge RW. Automated and partly automated contact tracing: a systematic review to inform the control of COVID-19. Lancet Digit Health. 2020;2(11):e607\u201321.","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"202_CR13","unstructured":"Institut National de la Statistique de Guin\u00e9e. Troisi\u00e8me Recensement G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la Population et de l\u2019Habitation (RGPH3) [Internet]. [cited 2023 Feb 21]. https:\/\/www.stat-guinee.org\/images\/Documents\/Publications\/INS\/rapports_enquetes\/RGPH3\/RGPH3_etat_structure.pdf"},{"key":"202_CR14","unstructured":"R Core Team (2014) A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria. http:\/\/www.r-project.org\/"},{"key":"202_CR15","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP) VSPB (VSPB). History of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Outbreaks. [cited 2023 Feb 25]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vhf\/ebola\/history\/chronology.html"},{"key":"202_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e259","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(22)00001-9","volume":"7","author":"AD Hossain","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hossain AD, Jarolimova J, Elnaiem A, Huang CX, Richterman A, Ivers LC. Effectiveness of contact tracing in the control of infectious diseases: a systematic review. Lancet Public Health. 2022;7:e259\u201373.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"202_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.07.002","volume":"83","author":"JL Longley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Longley JL, Danquah LO, Massa MS, Ross DA, Weiss HA. The impact of case and contact characteristics on contact tracing during the West Africa Ebola epidemic. J Infect. 2021;83(4):496\u2013522.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"202_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihx004","volume":"9","author":"L Reques","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reques L, Bolibar I, Chazelle E, et al. Evaluation of contact tracing activities during the Ebola virus disease outbreak in Guinea, 2015. Int Health. 2017;9(2):131\u20133.","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"issue":"1721","key":"202_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160300","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0300","volume":"372","author":"M Senga","year":"2017","unstructured":"Senga M, Koi A, Moses L, et al. Contact tracing performance during the Ebola virus disease outbreak in Kenema district, Sierra Leone. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 2017;372(1721):20160300.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"202_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006762","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006762","volume":"12","author":"KC Swanson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Swanson KC, Altare C, Wesseh CS, et al. Contact tracing performance during the Ebola epidemic in Liberia, 2014\u20132015. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(9):e0006762.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"202_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011907","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-011907","volume":"8","author":"M Keita","year":"2023","unstructured":"Keita M, Polonsky JA, Ahuka-Mundeke S, et al. A community-based contact isolation strategy to reduce the spread of Ebola virus disease: an analysis of the 2018\u20132020 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. BMJ Glob Health. 2023;8(6):e011907.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"202_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.3201\/\/eid2111.150684","volume":"21","author":"MG Dixon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dixon MG, Taylor MM, Dee J, et al. Contact tracing activities during the Ebola virus disease epidemic in Kindia and Faranah, Guinea, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(11):2022.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10068","key":"202_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32621-6","volume":"389","author":"AM Henao-Restrepo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Henao-Restrepo AM, Camacho A, Longini IM, et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease: final results from the Guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (Ebola \u00c7a Suffit!). Lancet. 2017;389(10068):505\u201318.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"28","key":"202_CR24","first-page":"362","volume":"90","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Helping Guinean communities fight Ebola. Wkly Epidemiol Rec Relev\u00e9 \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique hebdomadaire. 2015;90(28):362\u20134.","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec Relev\u00e9 \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique hebdomadaire"},{"issue":"3","key":"202_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1017\/asr.2016.87","volume":"59","author":"J Fairhead","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fairhead J. Understanding social resistance to the Ebola response in the forest region of the Republic of Guinea: an anthropological perspective. Afr Stud Rev. 2016;59(3):7\u201331.","journal-title":"Afr Stud Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"202_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4103\/1596-3519.172554","volume":"15","author":"OI Fawole","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fawole OI, Bamiselu OF, Adewuyi PA, Nguku PM. Gender dimensions to the Ebola outbreak in Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 2016;15(1):7.","journal-title":"Ann Afr Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"202_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihy009","volume":"10","author":"EY Tenkorang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tenkorang EY. Effect of knowledge and perceptions of risks on Ebola-preventive behaviours in Ghana. Int Health. 2018;10(3):202\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/inthealth\/ihy009.","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"202_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.2307\/2096319","volume":"60","author":"CE Ross","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ross CE, Wu C. The links between education and health. Am Sociol Rev. 1995;60:719\u201345.","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"202_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/38.5.618","volume":"38","author":"BS Schone","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schone BS, Weinick RM. Health-related behaviors and the benefits of marriage for elderly persons. Gerontologist. 1998;38(5):618\u201327.","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"11","key":"202_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5539\/ijef.v12n11p1","volume":"12","author":"MS Ly","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ly MS, Dou X. Strategies to resolve food insecurity in guinea international cooperation approaches (availability: production, distribution, and exchange of food): a case study in Guinea. Int J Econ Financ. 2020;12(11):1\u201359.","journal-title":"Int J Econ Financ"},{"issue":"26","key":"202_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2213975","volume":"387","author":"A Sprecher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sprecher A. Understanding the key to outbreak control\u2014Sudan virus disease in Uganda. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(26):2393\u20135.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"202_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0256113","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256113","volume":"16","author":"J Scholz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scholz J, Wetzker W, Licht A, et al. The role of risk communication in public health interventions. An analysis of risk communication for a community quarantine in Germany to curb the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(8):e0256113.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-024-00202-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44197-024-00202-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-024-00202-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T17:07:43Z","timestamp":1727716063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44197-024-00202-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44197-024-00202-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-6014"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-6014","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 September 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the National Ethics Committee for Health Research (CNERS) in Republic of Guinea (approval number 001\/CNERS\/21).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Participants\u2019 consent was obtained.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}