{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:11:24Z","timestamp":1790615484380,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Glob Health"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-024-00302-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T03:02:19Z","timestamp":1728442939000},"page":"1518-1524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Role of Community Beliefs and Practices on the Spread of Ebola in Uganda, September 2022"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Helen Nelly","family":"Naiga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane Frances","family":"Zalwango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Agaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saudah N.","family":"Kizito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda N.","family":"Simbwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Goretti","family":"Zalwango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Akunzirwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainah","family":"Kabami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Chris","family":"Kawugenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Zavuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mackline","family":"Ninsiima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercy Wendy","family":"Wanyana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kiggundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Migisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doreen","family":"Gonahasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Kyamwine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benon","family":"Kwesiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kadobera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Bulage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex Ario","family":"Riolexus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Paige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie R.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1721","key":"302_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160297","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0297","volume":"372","author":"CE Coltart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Coltart CE, et al. The Ebola outbreak, 2013\u20132016: old lessons for new epidemics. Philosophical Trans Royal Soc B: Biol Sci. 2017;372(1721):20160297.","journal-title":"Philosophical Trans Royal Soc B: Biol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"302_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006461","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006461","volume":"12","author":"N Gray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gray N, et al. When Ebola enters a home, a family, a community\u2019: a qualitative study of population perspectives on Ebola control measures in rural and urban areas of Sierra Leone. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(6):e0006461.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"302_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12454","volume":"20","author":"S Dallatomasina","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dallatomasina S, et al. Ebola outbreak in rural West Africa: epidemiology, clinical features and outcomes. Tropical Med Int Health. 2015;20(4):448\u201354.","journal-title":"Tropical Med Int Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"302_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2019.1650227","volume":"113","author":"MC Kasereka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kasereka MC, Hawkes MT. The cat that kills people:\u2019community beliefs about Ebola origins and implications for disease control in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Pathogens Global Health. 2019;113(4):149\u201357.","journal-title":"Pathogens Global Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"302_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1080\/09614524.2017.1327573","volume":"27","author":"K Marshall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marshall K. Roles of religious actors in the West African Ebola response. Dev Pract. 2017;27(5):622\u201333.","journal-title":"Dev Pract"},{"key":"302_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martineau F, Wilkinson A, Parker M. Epistemologies of Ebola: reflections on the experience of the Ebola Response Anthropology platform. Anthropol Q, 2017: pp. 475\u201394.","DOI":"10.1353\/anq.2017.0027"},{"issue":"10","key":"302_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0241120","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241120","volume":"15","author":"BA Muzembo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muzembo BA, et al. Local perspectives on Ebola during its tenth outbreak in DR Congo: a nationwide qualitative study. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(10):e0241120.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"302_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00944.x","volume":"7","author":"S Okware","year":"2002","unstructured":"Okware S, et al. An outbreak of Ebola in Uganda. Tropical Med Int Health. 2002;7(12):1068\u201375.","journal-title":"Tropical Med Int Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"302_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2015.01.002","volume":"90","author":"P Shears","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shears P, O\u2019Dempsey T. Ebola virus disease in Africa: epidemiology and nosocomial transmission. J Hosp Infect. 2015;90(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"302_CR10","unstructured":"Nuwaha F et al. False teeth Ebiino and Millet disease Oburo in Bushenyi district of Uganda. Afr Health Sci, 2007. 7(1)."},{"key":"302_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00167","volume":"5","author":"MN Wandera","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wandera MN, Kasumba B. Ebinyo\u2014the practice of infant oral mutilation in Uganda. Front Public Health. 2017;5:167.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"302_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2013.770901","volume":"8","author":"ML Yao-Cohen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yao-Cohen ML, et al. Crude tonsillectomy and local concepts of illness in Kisoro, Uganda: community perception of gapfura and its treatment. Glob Public Health. 2013;8(3):298\u2013311.","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"302_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2016.1209601","volume":"22","author":"SH Lee-Kwan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee-Kwan SH, et al. Facilitators and barriers to community acceptance of safe, dignified medical burials in the context of an Ebola epidemic, Sierra Leone, 2014. J Health Communication. 2017;22(sup1):24\u201330.","journal-title":"J Health Communication"},{"key":"302_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104825","volume":"84","author":"A Rai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rai A, et al. Ebola Virus Disease in Uganda: a global emergency call. Annals Med Surg. 2022;84:104825.","journal-title":"Annals Med Surg"},{"key":"302_CR15","unstructured":"Kiggundu T. Notes from the field: outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease caused by Sudan ebolavirus\u2014Uganda, August\u2013October 2022. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,; 2022. p. 71."},{"key":"302_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thiam S et al. Challenges in controlling the Ebola outbreak in two prefectures in Guinea: why did communities continue to resist? The Pan African Medical Journal, 2015. 22(Suppl 1).","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.supp.2015.22.1.6626"},{"key":"302_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manguvo A, Mafuvadze B. The impact of traditional and religious practices on the spread of Ebola in West Africa: time for a strategic shift. The Pan African Medical Journal, 2015. 22(Suppl 1).","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.supp.2015.22.1.6190"},{"issue":"1","key":"302_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2014.12.013","volume":"63","author":"AG Buseh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Buseh AG, et al. The Ebola epidemic in West Africa: challenges, opportunities, and policy priority areas. Nurs Outlook. 2015;63(1):30\u201340.","journal-title":"Nurs Outlook"},{"key":"302_CR19","unstructured":"Independent T. Traditional healers outnumber medical doctors by 35:1 in Uganda. 2021."},{"key":"302_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hewlett BS, Amola RP. Cultural contexts of Ebola in Northern Uganda, in Health psychology. Routledge; 2016. pp. 369\u201377.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315664033-40"},{"issue":"3","key":"302_CR21","first-page":"331","volume":"21","author":"F Chukwuneke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chukwuneke F, et al. Culture and biomedical care in Africa: the influence of culture on biomedical care in a traditional African society, Nigeria, West Africa. Niger J Med. 2012;21(3):331\u20133.","journal-title":"Niger J Med"},{"key":"302_CR22","unstructured":"Mueller K. Turning to traditional healers to help stop the Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone. Retrieved August 20, 2014. 2014."},{"key":"302_CR23","unstructured":"Marshall K. Responding to the Ebola Epidemic in West Africa: What Role Does Religion Play? 2016."},{"issue":"9947","key":"302_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61344-1","volume":"384","author":"SM Bah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bah SM, Aljoudi AS. Taking a religious perspective to contain Ebola. Lancet. 2014;384(9947):951.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"302_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103958","volume":"79","author":"J Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun J, et al. Ebola virus outbreak returns to the Democratic Republic of Congo: an urgent rising concern. Annals Med Surg. 2022;79:103958.","journal-title":"Annals Med Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"302_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0910.020493","volume":"9","author":"BS Hewlett","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hewlett BS, Amola RP. Cultural contexts of Ebola in northern Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9(10):1242.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"302_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v15i1.45","volume":"15","author":"SI Okware","year":"2015","unstructured":"Okware SI, et al. Managing Ebola from rural to urban slum settings: experiences from Uganda. Afr Health Sci. 2015;15(1):312\u201321.","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-024-00302-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44197-024-00302-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-024-00302-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T11:18:49Z","timestamp":1734434329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44197-024-00302-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["302"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44197-024-00302-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.12.05.23299506","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2210-6014"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-6014","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Ministry of Health of Uganda gave the directive and approval to carry out this investigation. Further approval to conduct this study was obtained from Mubende and Kassanda District offices, Mubende Regional Referral Hospital case management team, the National Institute of Public Health and Uganda Ministry of Health. This activity was reviewed by CDC and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.\u00a7. \u00a7See e.g., 45 C.F.R. part 46, 21 C.F.R. part 56; 42 U.S.C. \u00a7241(d); 5 U.S.C. \u00a7552a; 44 U.S.C. \u00a73501 et seq. \u201cSarah Paige was employed by USAID when the research for the current paper was conducted. The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not necessarily the views and opinions of the United States Agency for International Development.\"","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"All materials in the Uganda National Institute of Public Health Quarterly Epidemiological Bulletin is in the public domain and may be used and reprinted without permission; citation as to source; however, is appreciated. Any article can be re-printed or published. It should be referenced in the original form if cited as a reprint.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}