{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T22:31:25Z","timestamp":1793658685757,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Glob Health"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-025-00354-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T13:26:16Z","timestamp":1737984376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Assessing the Rise in Papillary Thyroid Cancer Incidence: A 38-Year Australian Study Investigating WHO Classification Influence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4697-6351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Weller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3683-5638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cordia","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2771-564X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfred King-yin","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"354_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.26348","volume":"331","author":"L Boucai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boucai L, Zafereo M, Cabanillas ME. Thyroid cancer: a review. JAMA. 2024;331:425\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2023.26348.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"354_CR2","volume-title":"Global cancer observatory: Cancer today","author":"JEM Ferlay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferlay JEM, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Pi\u00f1eros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F. Global cancer observatory: Cancer today. Lyon, France:: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2024."},{"key":"354_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.55.2.74","volume":"55","author":"DM Parkin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:74\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/canjclin.55.2.74.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"354_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.18231\/j.ijpo.2020.116","volume":"7","author":"SK Fatima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fatima SK, Shameem K, Myla B. Diagnostic utility of cd56 in differentiating papillary thyroid carcinoma from other lesions of thyroid. Indian J Pathol Oncol. 2020;7:582\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18231\/j.ijpo.2020.116.","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Oncol"},{"key":"354_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/pin.12737","volume":"68","author":"K Kakudo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kakudo K, Bychkov A, Bai Y, Li Y, Liu Z, Jung CK. The new 4th edition World Health Organization classification for thyroid tumors, Asian perspectives. Pathol Int. 2018;68:641\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pin.12737.","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"key":"354_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2021.101979","volume":"74","author":"L Loizou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Loizou L, Demetriou A, Erdmann F, Borkhardt A, Brozou T, Sharp L, et al. Increasing incidence and survival of paediatric and adolescent thyroid cancer in Cyprus 1998\u20132017: a population-based study from the Cyprus pediatric oncology registry. Cancer Epidemiol. 2021;74:101979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canep.2021.101979.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"354_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S198514","volume":"11","author":"K Kaliszewski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kaliszewski K. Does every classical type of well-differentiated thyroid cancer have excellent prognosis? A case series and literature review. Cancer Manag Res. 2019;11:2441\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CMAR.S198514.","journal-title":"Cancer Manag Res"},{"key":"354_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0453","volume":"23","author":"XM Yu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yu XM, Schneider DF, Leverson G, Chen H, Sippel RS. Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma is a unique clinical entity: a population-based study of 10,740 cases. Thyroid. 2013;23:1263\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2012.0453.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"354_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33649","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.33649","volume":"15","author":"J Alharbi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alharbi J, Alraddadi T, Sebeih H, Alessa MA, Alkaf HH, Bahaj A, et al. Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features: what a surgeon should know. Cureus. 2023;15:e33649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.33649.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"354_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-005-0363-8","volume":"30","author":"CY Lo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lo CY, Chan WF, Lang BH, Lam KY, Wan KY. Papillary microcarcinoma: is there any difference between clinically overt and occult tumors? World J Surg. 2006;30:759\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00268-005-0363-8.","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"354_CR11","volume-title":"Who classification of tumours of endocrine organs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lloyd R, Osamura R, Kl\u00f6ppel G, Rosai J, editors. WHO classification of tumours of endocrine organs. 4th ed. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2017.","edition":"4"},{"key":"354_CR12","unstructured":"WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Endocrine and neuroendocrine tumours. 5th ed. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2022. https:\/\/tumourclassification.iarc.who.int\/chapters\/53"},{"key":"354_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2022.1553","volume":"37","author":"CK Jung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jung CK, Bychkov A, Kakudo K. Update from the 2022 World Health Organization classification of thyroid tumors: a standardized diagnostic approach. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2022;37:703\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3803\/EnM.2022.1553","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"key":"354_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hedinger C, Williams ED, Sobin LH. The WHO histological classification of thyroid tumors: a commentary on the second edition. Cancer. 1989;63:908\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-0142(19890301)63:5%3C908::AID-CNCR2820630520%3E3.0.CO;2-I.","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19890301)63:5%3C908::AID-CNCR2820630520%3E3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"354_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2505-7_1","volume":"2534","author":"AK Lam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lam AK. Papillary thyroid carcinoma: current position in epidemiology, genomics, and classification. Methods Mol Biol. 2022;2534:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-2505-7_1.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"354_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412243","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1412243","volume":"14","author":"Z Dou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dou Z, Shi Y, Jia J. Global burden of disease study analysis of thyroid cancer burden across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Front Oncol. 2024;14:1412243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2024.1412243.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"354_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.4804","volume":"181","author":"K LeClair","year":"2021","unstructured":"LeClair K, Bell KJL, Furuya-Kanamori L, Doi SA, Francis DO, Davies L. Evaluation of gender inequity in thyroid cancer diagnosis: differences by sex in us thyroid cancer incidence compared with a meta-analysis of subclinical thyroid cancer rates at autopsy. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181:1351\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.4804.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"354_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-016-2429-4","volume":"16","author":"M Carlberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carlberg M, Hedendahl L, Ahonen M, Koppel T, Hardell L. Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the nordic countries with main focus on Swedish data. BMC Cancer. 2016;16:426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-016-2429-4.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"354_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/pcr.0000000000000183","volume":"22","author":"AK Lam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lam AK. Pathology of endocrine tumors update: World health organization new classification 2017 - other thyroid tumors. AJSP: Reviews Rep. 2017;22:209\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/pcr.0000000000000183.","journal-title":"AJSP: Reviews Rep"},{"key":"354_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.0386","volume":"2","author":"YE Nikiforov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nikiforov YE, Seethala RR, Tallini G, Baloch ZW, Basolo F, Thompson LD, et al. Nomenclature revision for encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a paradigm shift to reduce overtreatment of indolent tumors. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2:1023\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.0386.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"354_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0264","volume":"7","author":"LE Henke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Henke LE, Pfeifer JD, Baranski TJ, DeWees T, Grigsby PW. Long-term outcomes of follicular variant vs classic papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Connect. 2018;7:1226\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EC-18-0264.","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"354_CR22","unstructured":"De Lellis R, Lloyd R, Heitz P, Eng C. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours; Pathology and genetics of tumours of endocrine organs. 3rd ed. Lyon, France: International Agency forResearch on Cancer; 2004."},{"key":"354_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.21037\/gs.2017.09.08","volume":"7","author":"TM Ullmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ullmann TM, Gray KD, Moore MD, Zarnegar R, Fahey TJ 3. Current controversies and future directions in the diagnosis and management of differentiated thyroid cancers. Gland Surg. 2018;7:473\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/gs.2017.09.08.","journal-title":"Gland Surg"},{"key":"354_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.894935","volume":"16","author":"SS Lubana","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lubana SS, Singh N, Tuli SS, Bashir T, Sachmechi I, Kemeny MM. Follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer with bilateral renal metastases discovered incidentally during work-up of primary endometrial cancer: a rare occurrence. Am J Case Rep. 2015;16:459\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/AJCR.894935.","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"354_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2011.1466","volume":"138","author":"S Gupta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gupta S, Ajise O, Dultz L, Wang B, Nonaka D, Ogilvie J, et al. Follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer: Encapsulated, nonencapsulated, and diffuse: distinct biologic and clinical entities. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;138:227\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archoto.2011.1466.","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"354_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2007.064881","volume":"84","author":"A Salajegheh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Salajegheh A, Petcu EB, Smith RA, Lam AK. Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a diagnostic challenge for clinicians and pathologists. Postgrad Med J. 2008;84:78\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pgmj.2007.064881.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"354_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0211","volume":"29","author":"I Sugitani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sugitani I, Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Imai T, Suzuki S. Active surveillance versus immediate surgery: Questionnaire survey on the current treatment strategy for adult patients with low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in Japan. Thyroid. 2019;29:1563\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2019.0211.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"354_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0592","volume":"30","author":"AM Sawka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sawka AM, Ghai S, Yoannidis T, Rotstein L, Gullane PJ, Gilbert RW, et al. A prospective mixed-methods study of decision-making on surgery or active surveillance for low-risk papillary thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2020;30:999\u20131007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2019.0592.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"354_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung K. Clinical application of active surveillance in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Ann Thyroid. 2017;2. https:\/\/aot.amegroups.org\/article\/view\/3805\/html","DOI":"10.21037\/aot.2017.08.01"},{"key":"354_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1089\/ct.2017;29.8-10","volume":"29","author":"EN Pearce","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pearce EN. Thyroid cancer overdiagnosis is a result of screening programs in South Korea. Clin Thyroidology\u00ae. 2017;29:8\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ct.2017;29.8-10.","journal-title":"Clin Thyroidology\u00ae"},{"key":"354_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2024.1937","volume":"39","author":"MJ Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim MJ, Moon JH, Lee EK, Song YS, Jung KY, Lee JY, et al. Active surveillance for low-risk thyroid cancers: a review of current practice guidelines. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2024;39:47\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3803\/EnM.2024.1937.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"key":"354_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107327482412539","DOI":"10.1177\/10732748241253956","volume":"31","author":"D Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang D, Yang Y, He Y, Yang H, Yang L. Natural history and prognostic model of untreated papillary thyroid cancer: a seer database analysis. Cancer Control. 2024;31:10732748241253956. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10732748241253956.","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"354_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2008.08.034","volume":"144","author":"V Zaydfudim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zaydfudim V, Feurer ID, Griffin MR, Phay JE. The impact of lymph node involvement on survival in patients with papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Surgery. 2008;144:1070\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surg.2008.08.034. discussion 7\u20138.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"354_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.21037\/aot-22-14","volume":"7","author":"MD Russell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Russell MD, Silver Karcioglu A. Thyroid cancer survivorship: the patient experience. Ann Thyroid. 2022;7:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/aot-22-14.","journal-title":"Ann Thyroid"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00354-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00354-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00354-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T13:26:19Z","timestamp":1737984379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00354-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00354-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-6014"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-6014","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Griffith University, Office for Research, Human Research Ethics approved Ethical Clearance (GU Ref No: 2024\/007).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors consent for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"9"}}