{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:46:28Z","timestamp":1792673188251,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Glob Health"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-025-00374-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T17:45:27Z","timestamp":1740419127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Clinical Spectrum and Outcomes of Ocular Syphilis in Saudi Arabia: The Emergence of a Uveitic Masquerader"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Abrar A.","family":"Alhawsawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer","family":"Aljahdali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enas","family":"Magharbil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asma","family":"Alzuabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman F.","family":"Albloushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhoha","family":"Alhamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abrar K.","family":"Alsalamah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sulaiman M.","family":"Alsulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah","family":"Al Hammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moustafa S.","family":"Magliyah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan A.","family":"Al-Dhibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"374_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2017.1371765","volume":"27","author":"P Dutta Majumder","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dutta Majumder P, Chen EJ, Shah J, Ching Wen Ho D, Biswas J, See Yin L, Gupta V, Pavesio C, Agrawal R. Ocular syphilis: an update. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019;27(1):117\u201325.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"374_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2010.02203.x","volume":"38","author":"BC Amaratunge","year":"2010","unstructured":"Amaratunge BC, Camuglia JE, Hall AJ. Syphilitic uveitis: a review of clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes of syphilitic uveitis in human immunodeficiency virus-positive and negative patients. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;38(1):68\u201374.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"374_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-200112000-00008","volume":"12","author":"AJ Aldave","year":"2001","unstructured":"Aldave AJ, King JA, Cunningham ET Jr. Ocular syphilis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2001;12(6):433\u201341.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"374_CR4","first-page":"4","volume":"7","author":"M Tampa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tampa M, Sarbu I, Matei C, Benea V, Georgescu SR. Brief history of syphilis. J Med Life. 2014;7(1):4.","journal-title":"J Med Life"},{"key":"374_CR5","first-page":"16","volume":"1","author":"AK Nakashima","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nakashima AK, Rolfs RT, Flock ML, Kilmarx P, Greenspan JR. Epidemiology of syphilis in the United States, 1941\u20131993. Sexually transmitted diseases. Jan. 1996;1:16\u201323.","journal-title":"Jan"},{"key":"374_CR6","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Primary and secondary syphilis\u2013United States, 2003\u20132004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55(10):269\u201373."},{"key":"374_CR7","unstructured":"Braxton J, Carey D, Davis DW, Flagg EW, Footman A, Grier L, Harvey A, Kidd S, Kirkcaldy RD, Llata E, Nelson RJ. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2014."},{"key":"374_CR8","unstructured":"Bowen VB, Braxton J, Davis DW, Flagg EW, Grey J, Grier L, Harvey A, Kidd S, Kreisel K, Llata E, Mauk K. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2018."},{"key":"374_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-3","volume":"6","author":"TA Madani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Madani TA. Sexually transmitted infections in Saudi Arabia. BMC Infect Dis. 2006;6:1\u20136.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"374_CR10","unstructured":"Memish ZA, Filemban SM, Al-Hakeem RF, Hassan MH, Al-Tawfiq JA. Sexually transmitted infections case notification rates in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2005\u20132012."},{"issue":"7","key":"374_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(89)32781-3","volume":"96","author":"KF Tabbara","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tabbara KF, Al Kaff AS, Fadel T. Ocular manifestations of endemic syphilis (bejel). Ophthalmology. 1989;96(7):1087\u201391.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"374_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.60.5.293","volume":"60","author":"JL Pace","year":"1984","unstructured":"Pace JL, Csonka GW. Endemic non-venereal syphilis (bejel) in Saudi Arabia. Sex Transm Infect. 1984;60(5):293\u20137.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"374_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1076\/opep.9.4.239.1507","volume":"9","author":"SM Islam","year":"2002","unstructured":"Islam SM, Tabbara KF. Causes of uveitis at The Eye Center in Saudi Arabia: a retrospective review. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2002;9(4):239\u201349.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"374_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940802491850","volume":"17","author":"IH Hamade","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamade IH, Elkum N, Tabbara KF. Causes of uveitis at a referral center in Saudi Arabia. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2009;17(1):11\u20136.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"4","key":"374_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2014.939197","volume":"23","author":"H Al Dhahri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al Dhahri H, Al Rubaie K, Hemachandran S, Mousa A, Gikandi PW, Al-Mezaine HS, Abu El-Asrar AM. Patterns of uveitis in a university-based tertiary referral center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2015;23(4):311\u20139.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"3","key":"374_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2015.1133836","volume":"25","author":"HA Al Dhibi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al Dhibi HA, Al Shamsi HN, Al-Mahmood AM, Al Taweel HM, Al Shamrani MA, Arevalo JF, Gupta V, Kkesh Uveitis Survey Study Group. Patterns of uveitis in a tertiary care referral institute in Saudi Arabia. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2017;25(3):388\u201395.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"3","key":"374_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.4103\/meajo.MEAJO_41_20","volume":"27","author":"I Shajry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shajry I, Akeely A, AlSulaiman S. Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis in a Saudi patient. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2020;27(3):191.","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"374_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.05.048","volume":"113","author":"JR Chao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chao JR, Khurana RN, Fawzi AA, Reddy HS, Rao NA. Syphilis: reemergence of an old adversary. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:2074.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"374_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701954","volume":"20","author":"JP Doris","year":"2006","unstructured":"Doris JP, Saha K, Jones NP, Sukthankar A. Ocular syphilis: the new epidemic. Eye. 2006;20:703.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"374_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2010.02383.x","volume":"38","author":"EH Hughes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hughes EH, Guzowski M, Simunovic MP, Hunyor AP, McCluskey P. Syphilitic retinitis and uveitis in HIV-positive adults. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;38:851.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"374_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-011-0053-z","volume":"55","author":"SY Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li SY, Birnbaum AD, Tessler HH, Goldstein DA. Posterior syphilitic uveitis: clinical characteristics, co-infection with HIV, response to treatment. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2011;55:486.","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"374_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182509796","volume":"32","author":"P Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang P, Zhang N, Li F, Chen Y, Kijlstra A. Ocular manifestations of syphilitic uveitis in Chinese patients. Retina. 2012;32:1906.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"374_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2013.829106","volume":"22","author":"SC Yap","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yap SC, Tan YL, Chio MT, Teoh SC. Syphilitic uveitis in a Singaporean population. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2014;22:9.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"374_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2014.883236","volume":"22","author":"EJ Cunningham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cunningham EJ, Eandi CM, Pichi F. Syphilitic uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2014;22:2.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"374_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-306168","volume":"99","author":"LC Northey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Northey LC, Skalicky SE, Gurbaxani A, McCluskey PJ. Syphilitic uveitis and optic neuritis in Sydney. Australia Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99:1215.","journal-title":"Australia Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"374_CR26","first-page":"147","volume":"24","author":"A Fonollosa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fonollosa A, Martinez-Indart L, Artaraz J, Martinez-Berriotxoa A, Agirrebengoa K, Garcia M, et al. Clinical manifestations and outcomes of syphilis-associated uveitis in northern Spain. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2016;24:147.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"374_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bollemeijer JG, Wieringa WG, Missotten TO, Meenken I, ten Dam-van Loon NH, Rothova A, et al. Clinical manifestations and outcome of syphilitic uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57:404.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17906"},{"key":"374_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2010.194498","volume":"95","author":"K Balaskas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Balaskas K, Sergentanis TN, Giulieri S, et al. Analysis of significant factors influencing visual acuity in ocular syphilis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95:1568\u201372.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"374_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1086\/313689","volume":"30","author":"AV Villanueva","year":"2000","unstructured":"Villanueva AV, Sahouri MJ, Ormerod LD, Puklin JE, Reyes MP. Posterior uveitis in patients with positive serology for syphilis. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:479.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"374_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00457-7","volume":"107","author":"DJ Browning","year":"2000","unstructured":"Browning DJ. Posterior segment manifestations of active ocular syphilis, their response to a neurosyphilis regimen of penicillin therapy, and the influence of human immunodeficiency virus status on response. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:2015\u201323.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"374_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1086\/320766","volume":"32","author":"LD Ormerod","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ormerod LD, Puklin JE, Sobel JD. Syphilitic posterior uveitis: correlative findings and significance. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:1661\u201373.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"374_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-017-0491-6","volume":"17","author":"X Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang X, Du Q, Ma F, et al. Characteristics of syphilitic uveitis in northern China. BMC Ophthalmol. 2017;17:95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12886-017-0491-6.","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"374_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.06.012","volume":"16","author":"M Al-Mozaini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Mozaini M, Al-Rahabani T, Dirar Q, Alashgar T, Rabaan AA, Murad W, Alotaibi J, Alrajhi A. Human immunodeficiency virus in Saudi Arabia: current and future challenges. J Infect Public Health. 2023;16(9):1500\u20139. Epub 2023 Jun 14. PMID: 37353430.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"374_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-005-1137-6","volume":"243","author":"TH Tran","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tran TH, Cassoux N, Bodaghi B, et al. Syphilitic uveitis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005;243:863\u20139.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"374_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199515040-00015","volume":"15","author":"EM Dodds","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dodds EM, Lowder CY, Boskovich SA, Longworth DL, Foster RE. Simultaneous syphilitic necrotizing retinitis and placoid chorioretinitis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Retina. 1995;15:354\u20136.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"374_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940490912353","volume":"13","author":"D D\u0131\u00b4az-Valle","year":"2005","unstructured":"D\u0131\u00b4az-Valle D, Allen DP, Sa\u00b4nchez AA, Aguado CB, Del Ben\u0131\u00b4tez JM, et al. Simultaneous bilateral exudative retinal detachment and peripheral necrotizing retinitis as presenting manifestations of concurrent HIV and syphilis infection. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2005;13:459\u201362.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"374_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(90)32418-1","volume":"97","author":"JD Gass","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gass JD, Braunstein RA, Chenoweth RG. Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:1288\u201397.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"374_CR38","first-page":"32","volume":"59","author":"KA Workowski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Workowski KA, Berman S, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010;59:32\u20133.","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"374_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182993f11.162","volume":"34","author":"F Pichi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pichi F, Ciardella AP, Cunningham ET Jr, et al. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings in patients with acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinopathy. Retina. 2014;34(2):373\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182993f11.162.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"4","key":"374_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/icb.0000000000000186","volume":"9","author":"AL Curi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Curi AL, Sarraf D, Cunningham ET Jr. Multimodal imaging of syphilitic multifocal retinitis. Retin Cases Br Rep. 2015;9(4):277\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/icb.0000000000000186.","journal-title":"Retin Cases Br Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"374_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624211011917","volume":"32","author":"YW Lim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lim YW, Lott PW, Mohamad NF, Begam Iqbal T. A case series with literature review on adjunctive usage of intravitreal ceftazidime in ocular syphilis with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Int J STD AIDS. 2021;32(10):968\u201373. Epub 2021 May 8. PMID: 33969754.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00374-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00374-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00374-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T17:45:30Z","timestamp":1740419130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00374-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00374-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-6014"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-6014","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study received approval from the Institutional Ethical Review Committee of King Khled Eye Specialist Hospital (No. 23143-R). All participants gave consents to participate in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"All participants were consented for publication of this paper.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"31"}}