{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:27:17Z","timestamp":1781828837196,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Glob Health"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-025-00383-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T15:48:20Z","timestamp":1741794500000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence and Factors Associated With Hepatitis C Virus in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Large Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nasser","family":"Alhaydar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghib","family":"Abusaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noof","family":"Alwatban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"383_CR1","unstructured":"WHO, Hepatitis C.| Fact Sheet [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jul 5]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-c"},{"key":"383_CR2","unstructured":"Eduardo Zumaeta V. Transmission routes of hepatitis C virus infection [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2024 Jul 6]. Available from: https:\/\/www.elsevier.es\/en-revista-annals-hepatology-16-pdf-S1665268119319611"},{"key":"383_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. Hepatitis| Global Health Observatory [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jul 6]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/chronic-viral-hepatitis"},{"key":"383_CR4","unstructured":"WHO. Global Health Sector Strategies [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jul 5]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes\/strategies\/global-health-sector-strategies"},{"key":"383_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altraif I. Can hepatitis C virus be eliminated by 2030? Saudi Arabia as an example. Saudi Med J [Internet]. 2018 Aug [cited 2024 Jul 6];39(8):842\u20135. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6194989\/","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2018.8.22467"},{"key":"383_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Faleh FZ. Changing Pattern of Hepatitis Viral Infection in Saudi Arabia in the Last Two Decades. Ann Saudi Med [Internet]. 2003 Nov [cited 2025 Feb 20]; Available from: https:\/\/www.annsaudimed.net\/doi\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5144\/0256-4947.2003.367","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2003.367"},{"key":"383_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alghamdi AS, Alghamdi H, Alserehi HA, Babatin MA, Alswat KA, Alghamdi M et al. SASLT guidelines: Update in treatment of hepatitis C virus infection, 2024. Saudi J Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2024 Jan [cited 2025 Feb 20];30(Supp 1):S1. Available from: https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/sjga\/fulltext\/2024\/30001\/saslt_guidelines__update_in_treatment_of_hepatitis.1.aspx?context=latestarticles","DOI":"10.4103\/sjg.sjg_333_23"},{"key":"383_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alswaidi FM, O\u2019Brien SJ. Is there a need to include HIV, HBV and HCV viruses in the Saudi premarital screening program on the basis of their prevalence and transmission risk factors? J Epidemiol Community Health [Internet]. 2010 Nov 1 [cited 2025 Feb 20];64(11):989\u201397. Available from: https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/content\/64\/11\/989","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.093302"},{"key":"383_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gosadi IM. National screening programs in Saudi Arabia: Overview, outcomes, and effectiveness. J Infect Public Health [Internet]. 2019 Sep 1 [cited 2025 Feb 20];12(5):608\u201314. Available from: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1876034119301893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2019.06.001"},{"key":"383_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzahrani MS, Ayn Aldeen A, Almalki RS, Algethami MB, Altowairqi NF, Alzahrani A et al. Knowledge of and Testing Rate for Hepatitis C Infection among the General Public of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2023 Jan [cited 2025 Feb 20];20(3):2080. Available from: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/20\/3\/2080","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032080"},{"key":"383_CR11","unstructured":"Alshabanat A, Albacker R, Basalama A, Bin Salamah A, Alfrayh A. Profile of Viral Hepatitis in Saudi Arabia. ResearchGate [Internet]. 2024 Oct 22 [cited 2025 Feb 20]; Available from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/264900282_Profile_of_Viral_Hepatitis_in_Saudi_Arabia"},{"key":"383_CR12","unstructured":"Akbar HO. Hepatitis C virus infection in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2004 Dec [cited 2025 Feb 20];10(3):127. Available from: https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/sjga\/fulltext\/2004\/10030\/hepatitis_c_virus_infection_in_saudi_arabia.1.aspx"},{"key":"383_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Richter SS. Laboratory Assays for Diagnosis and Management of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. J Clin Microbiol [Internet]. 2002 Dec [cited 2025 Feb 20]; Available from: https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.40.12.4407-4412.2002","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.40.12.4407-4412.2002"},{"key":"383_CR14","unstructured":"Tashkandy MAA, Khodari YA, Ibrahim AM, Dhafar KO, Gazzaz ZJ, Azab BA. Evaluation of the available anti-HCV antibody Detection Tests and RT-PCR assay in the Diagnosis of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant [Internet]. 2007 Dec [cited 2025 Feb 20];18(4):523. Available from: https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/sjkd\/fulltext\/2007\/18040\/evaluation_of_the_available_anti_hcv_antibody.3.aspx"},{"key":"383_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufman HW, Bull-Otterson L, Meyer WA, Huang X, Doshani M, Thompson WW et al. Decreases in Hepatitis C Testing and Treatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Prev Med [Internet]. 2021 Sep 1 [cited 2025 Feb 20];61(3):369\u201376. Available from: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0749379721002208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.03.011"},{"key":"383_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zreiq R, Algahtani FD, Ali RM, Al-Najjar M, Suleiman S, Alshammari F, et al. Frequency of Hepatitis C Infection in Hospital Patients in Ha\u2019il, KSA: A Retrospective Analysis.Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Jul 6];11(3\u20132022):11\u20137. Available from: https:\/\/ijpras.com\/article\/frequency-of-hepatitis-c-infection-in-hospital-patients-in-hail-ksa-a-retrospective-analysis-47yxsufipzx2fcx.","DOI":"10.51847\/4ONr2NFeRo"},{"key":"383_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqahtani SM, Alsagaby A, Mir S, Alaidarous SA, Bin Dukhyil M, Alshehri A. B, Seroprevalence of Viral Hepatitis B and C among Blood Donors in the Northern Region of Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia. Healthcare [Internet]. 2021 Aug [cited 2024 Jul 6];9(8):934. Available from: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/9\/8\/934","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9080934"},{"key":"383_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ba-Essa EM, Mobarak EI, Al-Daghri NM. Hepatitis C virus infection among patients with diabetes mellitus in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. BMC Health Serv Res [Internet]. 2016 Jul 27 [cited 2025 Feb 20];16(1):313. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-016-1578-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-016-1578-0"},{"key":"383_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Humayed SM, Mahfouz AA, Awadalla NJ, Alsabaani AA. Hepatitis C Virus Infection at Primary Healthcare Level in Abha City, Southwestern Saudi Arabia: Is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus an Associated Factor? Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2018 Nov [cited 2025 Feb 20];15(11):2513. Available from: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/15\/11\/2513","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112513"},{"key":"383_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baden R, Rockstroh JK, Buti M. Natural History and Management of Hepatitis C: Does Sex Play a Role? J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2014 Jul 15 [cited 2025 Feb 20];209(suppl_3):S81\u20135. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiu057","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu057"},{"key":"383_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kao JH, Hwang YT, Chen PJ, Yang PM, Lai MY, Wang Teh-Hong et al. CABI Databases. [cited 2025 Feb 20]. Transmission of hepatitis C virus between spouses: the important role of exposure duration. Available from: https:\/\/www.cabidigitallibrary.org\/doi\/full\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5555\/19972009078","DOI":"10.5555\/19972009078"},{"key":"383_CR22","unstructured":"Saxena AK, Panhotra BR, Naguib M, Aboras MN, Sundaram DS, Venkateshappa CK et al. Prevalence of Hepatitis C Antibodies Among Hemodialysis Patients in Al-Hasa Region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant [Internet]. 2001 Dec [cited 2025 Feb 20];12(4):562. Available from: https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/sjkd\/fulltext\/2001\/12040\/prevalence_of_hepatitis_c_antibodies_among.15.aspx"},{"key":"383_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alibrahim OA, Misau YA, Mohammed A, Faruk MB, Ss I. Prevalence of hepatitis C viral infection among injecting drug users in a Saudi Arabian hospital: A point cross sectional survey. J Public Health Afr [Internet]. 2018 May 21 [cited 2025 Feb 20];9(1):726. Available from: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC6057725\/","DOI":"10.4081\/jphia.2018.726"},{"key":"383_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alqahtani JM, Abu-Eshy SA, Mahfouz AA, El-Mekki AA, Asaad AM. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infections among health students and health care workers in the Najran region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: The need for national guidelines for health students. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2014 Jun 9 [cited 2024 Jul 6];14(1):577. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-14-577","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-577"},{"key":"383_CR25","unstructured":"Shobokshi OA, Serebour FE, Al-Drees AZ, Mitwalli AH, Qahtani A, Skakni LI. Hepatitis C virus seroprevalence rate among Saudis. 2003."},{"issue":"2","key":"383_CR26","first-page":"89","volume":"74","author":"J Njoh","year":"1997","unstructured":"Njoh J, Zimmo S. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in drug-dependent patients in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. East Afr Med J. 1997;74(2):89\u201391.","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"383_CR27","unstructured":"Al Shohaib SS, Abdelaal MA, Zawawi TH, Abbas FM, Shaheen FAM, Amoah E. The Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Antibodies Among\u2026 Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation.1995 [cited 2025 Feb 21]; Available from: https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/sjkd\/fulltext\/1995\/06020\/The_Prevalence_of_Hepatitis_C_Virus_Antibodies.5.aspx."},{"key":"383_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Knawy B, El-Mekki AA, Hamdi J, Thiga R, Sheikha A. Prevalence of Antibody to Hepatitis C Virus in Saudi Blood Donors. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol [Internet]. 1995 [cited 2025 Feb 21];9(3):947681. Available from: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/1995\/947681","DOI":"10.1155\/1995\/947681"},{"key":"383_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamoud YA, Riome S, Abu-Raddad LJ. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in the Arabian Gulf countries: Systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence. Int J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2016 May 1 [cited 2025 Feb 21];46:116\u201325. Available from: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1201971216309997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.03.012"},{"key":"383_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hagan L, Kasradze A, Salyer S, Gamkrelidze A, Alkhazashvili M, Chanturia G et al. Hepatitis C prevalence and risk factors in Georgia, 2015: setting a baseline for elimination| BMC Public Health [Internet]. [cited 2025 Feb 21]. Available from: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-6784-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6784-3"},{"key":"383_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guadagnino V, Stroffolini T, Rapicetta M, Costantino A, Kondili LA, Menniti-Ippolito F et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in the general population: A community-based survey in southern Italy. Hepatology [Internet]. 1997 Oct [cited 2025 Feb 21];26(4):1006. Available from: https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/hep\/abstract\/1997\/10000\/Prevalence,_risk_factors,_and_genotype.31.aspx","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510260431"},{"key":"383_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flisiak R, Halota W, Horban A, Juszczyk J, Pawlowska M, Simon K. Prevalence and risk factors of HCV infection in Poland. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol [Internet]. 2011 Dec [cited 2025 Feb 21];23(12):1213. Available from: https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/eurojgh\/abstract\/2011\/12000\/prevalence_and_risk_factors_of_hcv_infection_in.18.aspx","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32834d173c"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00383-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00383-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00383-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T15:48:26Z","timestamp":1741794506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00383-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00383-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-6014"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-6014","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The institutional review board (IRB) approval was obtained from the King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC) (27.8.2023; IRB\/2151\/23). In addition, according to Article 5.12.7.1.2 of the 2023 Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs APP 1419-05, since \u2018the information is recorded in a manner that does not reveal the identity of the source person,\u201d informed consent was not required, i.e., waived.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent To Participate"}},{"value":"Yes. KAIMARC encourages the publication of the IRB-approved research.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"42"}}