{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:45:46Z","timestamp":1793295946645,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Glob Health"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-025-00411-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T10:28:04Z","timestamp":1746008884000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessing Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence among Slaughterhouse Workers in Western Saudi Arabia: Zoonotic Threats in Focus"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Thamir A.","family":"Alandijany","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahd M.","family":"Balakhtab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherif A.","family":"El-Kafrawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad M.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arwa A.","family":"Faizo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian-Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esam I.","family":"Azhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"411_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7030","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i31.7030","volume":"22","author":"MS Khuroo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khuroo MS, Khuroo MS, Khuroo NS, Hepatitis E. Discovery, global impact, control and cure. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:7030\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v22.i31.7030.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"411_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.09.003","volume":"29","author":"YE Raji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raji YE, Toung OP, Taib NM, Sekawi Z, Bin. Hepatitis E, Virus. An emerging enigmatic and underestimated pathogen. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022;29:499\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.09.003.","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"411_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Sadeq DW, Majdalawieh AF, Nasrallah GK. Seroprevalence and incidence of hepatitis E virus among blood donors: A review. Rev Med Virol 2017;27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.1937","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1937"},{"key":"411_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80222-5","volume":"28","author":"P Coursaget","year":"1998","unstructured":"Coursaget P, Buisson Y, Enogat N, Bercion R, Baudet J-M, Delmaire P, et al. Outbreak of enterically-transmitted hepatitis due to hepatitis A and hepatitis E viruses. J Hepatol. 1998;28:745\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80222-5.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"411_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.11.006","volume":"34","author":"H Sooryanarain","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sooryanarain H, Meng XJ. Hepatitis E virus: reasons for emergence in humans. Curr Opin Virol. 2019;34:10\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.11.006.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"411_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050553","volume":"12","author":"SA El-Kafrawy","year":"2020","unstructured":"El-Kafrawy SA, Hassan AM, El-Daly MM, Qadri I, Tolah AM, Al-Subhi TL, et al. Seroprevalence of dromedary camel HEV in domestic and imported camels from Saudi Arabia. Viruses. 2020;12:553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12050553.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"411_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2020.07.004","volume":"59","author":"B Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang B, Meng XJ. Hepatitis E virus: host tropism and zoonotic infection. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2021;59:8\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mib.2020.07.004.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"411_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a033449","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a033449","volume":"9","author":"SM Lemon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lemon SM, Walker CM. Enterically transmitted Non-A, Non-B hepatitis and the discovery of hepatitis E virus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2019;9:a033449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a033449.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"411_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0352","volume":"81","author":"AB Labrique","year":"2009","unstructured":"Labrique AB, Zaman K, Hossain Z, Saha P, Yunus M, Hossain A, et al. Population Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus antibodies in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;81:875\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0352.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"411_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90529-4","volume":"89","author":"A Corwin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Corwin A, Jarot K, Lubis I, Nasution K, Suparmawo S, Sumardiati A, et al. Two years\u2019 investigation of epidemic hepatitis E virus transmission in West Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1995;89:262\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90529-4.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"411_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/004947559802800315","volume":"28","author":"GB Edward","year":"1998","unstructured":"Edward GB. Immediate post-Operative enteral feeding in post gastric surgery patients. Trop Doct. 1998;28:173\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/004947559802800315.","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"411_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70255-X","volume":"8","author":"HR Dalton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dalton HR, Bendall R, Ijaz S, Banks M, Hepatitis E. An emerging infection in developed countries. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:698\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70255-X.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"411_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10131","volume":"67","author":"YC Wang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wang YC, Zhang HY, Xia NS, Peng G, Lan HY, Zhuang H, et al. Prevalence, isolation, and partial sequence analysis of hepatitis E virus from domestic animals in China. J Med Virol. 2002;67:516\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.10131.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"411_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.12.005","volume":"100","author":"SK Stoszek","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stoszek SK, Abdel-Hamid M, Saleh DA, El Kafrawy S, Narooz S, Hawash Y, et al. High prevalence of hepatitis E antibodies in pregnant Egyptian women. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006;100:95\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.12.005.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"411_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2007.09.026","volume":"56","author":"D Rezig","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rezig D, Ouneissa R, Mhiri L, Mejri S, Haddad-Boubaker S, Ben Alaya N, et al. S\u00e9ropr\u00e9valences des infections \u00e0 h\u00e9patite A et E En Tunisie. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2008;56:148\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patbio.2007.09.026.","journal-title":"Pathol Biol (Paris)"},{"key":"411_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit409","volume":"209","author":"C Jacobs","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jacobs C, Chiluba C, Phiri C, Lisulo MM, Chomba M, Hill PC, et al. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection in an urban population in Zambia: strong association with HIV and environmental enteropathy. J Infect Dis. 2014;209:652\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jit409.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"411_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.4.961","volume":"14","author":"E Tsega","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tsega E, Hansson B-G, Krawczynski K, Nordenfelt E. Acute sporadic viral hepatitis in Ethiopia: causes, risk factors, and effects on pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;14:961\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinids\/14.4.961.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"411_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.04.006","volume":"17","author":"TA Alandijany","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alandijany TA. Respiratory viral infections during Hajj seasons. J Infect Public Health. 2024;17:42\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.04.006.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"411_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.104051","volume":"77","author":"AA Al-Qahtani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Qahtani AA, Pourkarim MR, Trov\u00e3o NS, Vergote V, Li G, Thijssen M, et al. Molecular epidemiology, phylogenetic analysis and genotype distribution of hepatitis B virus in Saudi Arabia: predominance of genotype D1. Infect Genet Evol. 2020;77:104051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.104051.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"411_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-3767.103425","volume":"18","author":"AA Abdo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abdo AA, Sanai FM, Al-Faleh FZ. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis in Saudi Arabia: are we off the Hook. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:349\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1319-3767.103425.","journal-title":"Saudi J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"411_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.3.621","volume":"21","author":"TM Ghabrah","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ghabrah TM, Strickland GT, Tsarev S, Yarbough P, Farci P, Engle R, et al. Acute viral hepatitis in Saudi Arabia: seroepidemiological analysis, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and evidence for a sixth hepatitis agent. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21:621\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinids\/21.3.621.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"411_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02937946","volume":"167","author":"M Abdelaal","year":"1998","unstructured":"Abdelaal M, Zawawi TH, al Sobhi E, Jeje O, Gilpin C, Kinsara A, et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in male blood donors in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Ir J Med Sci. 1998;167:94\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02937946.","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"key":"411_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.2149","volume":"66","author":"EA Ayoola","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ayoola EA, Want MA, Gadour MOEH, Al-Hazmi MH, Hamza MKM. Hepatitis E virus infection in haemodialysis patients: A case-control study in Saudi Arabia. J Med Virol. 2002;66:329\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.2149.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"411_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020484","volume":"15","author":"MM El-Daly","year":"2023","unstructured":"El-Daly MM, Al-Raddadi R, Alharbi A, Azhar AE, Khallaf AM, Hassan AM, et al. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: A Population-Based Seroprevalence study. Viruses. 2023;15:484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15020484.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"411_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"El-Kafrawy SA, Hassan AM, El-Daly MM, Al-Hajri M, Farag E, Elnour FA, et al. Genetic diversity of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in imported and domestic camels in Saudi Arabia. Sci Rep. 2022;12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-11208-6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11208-6"},{"key":"411_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"E-K SA, H AM, E-D MM, Q I, T AM, A-S TL, et al. Seroprevalence of dromedary camel HEV in domestic and imported camels from Saudi Arabia. Viruses. 2020;12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12050553.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050553"},{"key":"411_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109618","volume":"278","author":"R Ahmed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmed R, Nasheri N. Animal reservoirs for hepatitis E virus within the Paslahepevirus genus. Vet Microbiol. 2023;278:109618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109618.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"411_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.06.022","volume":"210","author":"X Zhou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhou X, Kataoka M, Liu Z, Takeda N, Wakita T, Li T-C. Characterization of self-assembled virus-like particles of dromedary camel hepatitis e virus generated by Recombinant baculoviruses. Virus Res. 2015;210:8\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.06.022.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"411_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0214622","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02146-22","volume":"10","author":"K Terahara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Terahara K, Li T-C, Matsubayashi K, Sakata H, Kato T, Naganuma A, et al. Calibrating hepatitis E virus serological assays using asymptomatic specimens obtained in Japan. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10:e0214622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.02146-22.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"411_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0198-7","volume":"7","author":"K Himmelsbach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Himmelsbach K, Bender D, Hildt E. Life cycle and morphogenesis of the hepatitis E virus. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2018;7:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41426-018-0198-7.","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"411_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1338111","volume":"33","author":"B Kmush","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kmush B, Wierzba T, Krain L, Nelson K, Labrique AB. Epidemiology of hepatitis e in low- and middle-income countries of Asia and Africa. Semin Liver Dis. 2013;33:15\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0033-1338111.","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"411_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.068429-0","volume":"95","author":"DB Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith DB, Simmonds P, Jameel S, Emerson SU, Harrison TJ, Meng XJ, et al. Consensus proposals for classification of the family hepeviridae. J Gen Virol. 2014;95:2223\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/vir.0.068429-0.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"411_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.14.048","volume":"48","author":"BS Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim BS, Lim HS, Lee K, Min YS, Yoon YS, Jeong HS. A survey on the status of hepatitis e virus infection among slaughterhouse workers in South Korea. J Prev Med Public Health. 2015;48:53\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3961\/jpmph.14.048.","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"key":"411_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.482","volume":"16","author":"L Lu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lu L, Li C, Hagedorn CH. Phylogenetic analysis of global hepatitis E virus sequences: genetic diversity, subtypes and zoonosis. Rev Med Virol. 2006;16:5\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.482.","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"411_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0284352","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284352","volume":"18","author":"NH Sint","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sint NH, Htun YM, Win TT, Mon AS, Lwin TZ, Maung LO, et al. Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among slaughterhouse workers in Yangon region, Myanmar: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2023;18:e0284352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0284352.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"411_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lemon SM, Walker CM. Enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis and the discovery of hepatitis E virus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2019;9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a033449.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a033449"},{"key":"411_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S328029","volume":"14","author":"RA Al Dossary","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al Dossary RA, Alnafie AN, Aljaroodi SA, Ur Rahman J, Hunasemarada BC, Alkharsah KR. Prevalence of hepatitis e virus infection among blood donors in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2021;14:2381\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JMDH.S328029.","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"key":"411_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.1996.tb00096.x","volume":"3","author":"I Al-Fawaz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Al-Fawaz I, Al\u2010Rasheed S, Al\u2010Mugeiren M, Al\u2010Salloum A, Al\u2010Sohaibani M, Ramia S. Hepatitis E virus infection in patients from Saudi Arabia with sickle cell anaemia and \u03b2\u2010thalassemia major: possible transmission by blood transfusion. J Viral Hepat. 1996;3:203\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2893.1996.tb00096.x.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"411_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl-2021-0013","volume":"16","author":"BY Alhatlani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alhatlani BY, Aljabr WA, Almarzouqi MS, Alhatlani SM, Alzunaydi RN, Alsaykhan AS, et al. Seroprevalence of the hepatitis E virus antibodies among blood donors in the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. Future Virol. 2021;16:383\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/fvl-2021-0013.","journal-title":"Future Virol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00411-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00411-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00411-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T10:28:05Z","timestamp":1746008885000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00411-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["411"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00411-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-6014"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-6014","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Unit of Biomedical Ethics at the Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Reference no. 219\u2009\u2212\u200924\\1.exe). This study was conducted using archived samples that were previously collected and stored in compliance with ethical standards and regulations. Since samples and data were analyzed anonymously with no link to subject identification, the requirement for obtaining informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Unit of Biomedical Ethics at the Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"67"}}