{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T21:14:15Z","timestamp":1780089255399,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018684","name":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 2020-C4-0001-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2020-C4-0001-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018684","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No. 32161143036, No.32311540013, No.82473688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 32161143036, No.32311540013, No.82473688"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Glob Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Schistosomiasis is one of the major neglected tropical diseases in Africa, accounting for approximately 90% of the global burden. In Zimbabwe, <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> infections are endemic. Although mass drug administration has been carried out among school-aged children, other interventions at the national level remain incomplete. China has established a public health cooperation mechanism with African countries targeting schistosomiasis and other infectious diseases. This study aims to conduct a pilot study to provide a methodological reference for large-scale surveys in similar settings.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This pilot study served as an entry point for China-Africa cooperation in schistosomiasis control. A combination of cross-sectional studies and snail surveys was used. The survey was carried out in 14 villages of Chevakadzi ward in Zimbabwe. Households were selected through simple random sampling for the study. Fecal and urine samples were tested in the laboratory to diagnose schistosomiasis. Meanwhile, a capacity and needs assessment was conducted to understand the current situation of local disease control strategies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study is expected to obtain important epidemiological information and indicators regarding the transmission of schistosomiasis at the sub-district level, providing a basis for judging the feasibility and practicality of large-scale China-Zimbabwe cooperation investments. The research results will also offer references for policy-making and the update of prevention and control strategies, contributing to schistosomiasis control in Zimbabwe. However, the study has limitations such as limited funding and difficulties in cross-border drug registration.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-025-00418-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T10:49:22Z","timestamp":1748256562000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Understanding the Feasibility to Implement Schistosomiasis Elimination Project Under China-Zimbabwe Cooperation: A Pilot Study Protocol"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yingjun","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Midzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shizhu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masceline Jenipher","family":"Mutsaka-Makuvaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changlian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinling","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"White","family":"Soko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Phiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cremance","family":"Tshuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munyaradzi","family":"Dobbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Nong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"418_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2018.1495357","volume":"112","author":"S Di Bella","year":"2018","unstructured":"Di Bella S, et al. History of schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) in humans: from Egyptian medical papyri to molecular biology on mummies. Pathog Glob Health. 2018;112(5):268\u201373.","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"418_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aula OP et al. Schistosomiasis with a focus on Africa. Trop Med Infect Dis, 2021. 6(3).","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6030109"},{"key":"418_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Accelerating work to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases\u2013 A roadmap for implementation. 2012."},{"issue":"9541","key":"418_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69440-3","volume":"368","author":"B Gryseels","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gryseels B, et al. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet. 2006;368(9541):1106\u201318.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"418_CR5","first-page":"184","volume":"48","author":"SY Tan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tan SY, Ahana A. Theodor Bilharz (1825\u20131862): discoverer of schistosomiasis. Singap Med J. 2007;48(3):184\u20135.","journal-title":"Singap Med J"},{"key":"418_CR6","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Schistosomiasis. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/schistosomiasis"},{"issue":"2","key":"418_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2014.11.004","volume":"19","author":"AF Adenowo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adenowo AF, et al. Impact of human schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. Braz J Infect Dis. 2015;19(2):196\u2013205.","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10100","key":"418_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","volume":"390","author":"GBD Disease","year":"2017","unstructured":"Disease GBD, Injury I, Prevalence C. Global, regional, and National incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1211\u201359.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"418_CR9","unstructured":"Diseases U. t.C.N.T., Kigali Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2022."},{"issue":"4","key":"418_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005321","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005321","volume":"11","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hotez PJ, et al. The first London declaration: the Commonwealth and its neglected tropical diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(4):e0005321.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"418_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00784-2","volume":"10","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hotez PJ, Fenwick A, Molyneux D. The new COVID-19 poor and the neglected tropical diseases resurgence. Infect Dis Poverty. 2021;10(1):10.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"1","key":"418_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00701-7","volume":"9","author":"JP Ehrenberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ehrenberg JP, et al. Strategies supporting the prevention and control of neglected tropical diseases during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):86.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"4","key":"418_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.34172\/hpp.2021.53","volume":"11","author":"RT Akinokun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akinokun RT, et al. The status of neglected tropical diseases amidst COVID-19 in Africa: current evidence and recommendations. Health Promot Perspect. 2021;11(4):430\u20133.","journal-title":"Health Promot Perspect"},{"issue":"5","key":"418_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihaa040","volume":"12","author":"DH Molyneux","year":"2020","unstructured":"Molyneux DH, et al. COVID-19 and neglected tropical diseases in Africa: impacts, interactions, consequences. Int Health. 2020;12(5):367\u201372.","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"418_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.088","volume":"102","author":"P Patel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patel P, et al. Association of schistosomiasis and HIV infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;102:544\u201353.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"418_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07784-7","volume":"22","author":"M Kasambala","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kasambala M, et al. Effect of Schistosoma haematobium infection on the cognitive functions of preschool age children and benefits of treatment from an endemic area in Zimbabwe. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):809.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"418_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0391","volume":"105","author":"A Moses","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moses A, et al. Residence time, water contact, and Age-driven Schistosoma mansoni infection in hotspot communities in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021;105(6):1772\u201381.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"418_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104036","volume":"80","author":"DJ Perera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perera DJ, et al. A low dose adenovirus vectored vaccine expressing Schistosoma mansoni cathepsin B protects from intestinal schistosomiasis in mice. EBioMedicine. 2022;80:104036.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"418_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01094-z","volume":"12","author":"SK Gruninger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gruninger SK, et al. Prevalence and risk distribution of schistosomiasis among adults in Madagascar: a cross-sectional study. Infect Dis Poverty. 2023;12(1):44.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"1","key":"418_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(13)60188-1","volume":"7","author":"EU Amuta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amuta EU, Houmsou RS. Prevalence, intensity of infection and risk factors of urinary schistosomiasis in pre-school and school aged children in Guma local government area, Nigeria. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7(1):34\u20139.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"key":"418_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee J et al. Prevalence of schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted helminthiasis and their risk factors: A Cross-Sectional study in Itilima district, North-Western Tanzania. Life (Basel), 2023. 13(12).","DOI":"10.3390\/life13122333"},{"issue":"1","key":"418_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3667-5","volume":"12","author":"MJ Mutsaka-Makuvaza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mutsaka-Makuvaza MJ, et al. Urogenital schistosomiasis and risk factors of infection in mothers and preschool children in an endemic district in Zimbabwe. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12(1):427.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"418_CR23","unstructured":"WHO guideline on control and elimination of human schistosomiasis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO."},{"key":"418_CR24","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Schistosomiasis: large-scale treatment decreases prevalence by 60% among school-aged children. 2021; Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/03-12-2021-schistosomiasis-large-scale-treatment-decreases-prevalence-by-60-among-school-aged-children"},{"key":"418_CR25","volume-title":"WHO guideline on control and elimination of human schistosomiasis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO guideline on control and elimination of human schistosomiasis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022."},{"issue":"2","key":"418_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.21106\/ijma.100","volume":"5","author":"E Tambo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tambo E, et al. China-Africa health development initiatives: benefits and implications for shaping innovative and Evidence-informed National health policies and programs in Sub-saharan African countries. Int J MCH AIDS. 2016;5(2):119\u201333.","journal-title":"Int J MCH AIDS"},{"key":"418_CR27","unstructured":"Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. Available from: http:\/\/www.focac.org\/eng\/"},{"key":"418_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao L, Xu J. Public health engagement: new opportunities and challenges in 60 years of China\u2019s health aid to Africa. BMJ Glob Health, 2023. 8(8).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-012302"},{"issue":"12","key":"418_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001724","volume":"144","author":"F Mutapi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mutapi F. Getting a gripp on everyday schistosomiasis: experience from Zimbabwe. Parasitology. 2017;144(12):1624\u201332.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"418_CR30","first-page":"69","volume":"37","author":"SK Chandiwana","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chandiwana SK, Taylor P, Matanhire D. Community control of schistosomiasis in Zimbabwe. Cent Afr J Med. 1991;37(3):69\u201377.","journal-title":"Cent Afr J Med"},{"key":"418_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353768","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/353768","volume":"2012","author":"MJ Chimbari","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chimbari MJ. Enhancing schistosomiasis control strategy for Zimbabwe: Building on past experiences. J Parasitol Res. 2012;2012:353768.","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"418_CR32","first-page":"316","volume":"38","author":"P Ndhlovu","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ndhlovu P, Chandiwana SK, Makura O. Progress in the control of schistosomiasis in Zimbabwe since 1984. Cent Afr J Med. 1992;38(8):316\u201321.","journal-title":"Cent Afr J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"418_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1985.11811921","volume":"79","author":"P Taylor","year":"1985","unstructured":"Taylor P, Makura O. Prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in Zimbabwe. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1985;79(3):287\u201399.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"8","key":"418_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3014","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003014","volume":"8","author":"N Midzi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Midzi N, et al. Distribution of schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminthiasis in Zimbabwe: towards a National plan of action for control and elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(8):e3014.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"418_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008388","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008388","volume":"14","author":"T Mduluza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mduluza T, et al. Six rounds of annual praziquantel treatment during a National helminth control program significantly reduced schistosome infection and morbidity levels in a cohort of schoolchildren in Zimbabwe. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14(6):e0008388.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"418_CR36","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Country Disease Outlook. 2023."},{"key":"418_CR37","unstructured":"Merck. Living our commitment. [cited 2024 Jan 15]; Available from: https:\/\/www.merckgroup.com\/en\/sustainability\/health-for-all\/schistosomiasis\/living-our-commitment.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"418_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00932-2","volume":"11","author":"T Elphick-Pooley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elphick-Pooley T, Engels D. Uniting to combat, World NTD day 2022 and a new Kigali declaration to galvanise commitment to end neglected tropical diseases. Infect Dis Poverty. 2022;11(1):2.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"5","key":"418_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.1029","volume":"32","author":"AC Evans","year":"1983","unstructured":"Evans AC. Control of schistosomiasis in large irrigation schemes by use of niclosamide. A ten-year study in Zimbabwe. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1983;32(5):1029\u201339.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"418_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-021-00357-9","volume":"66","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Chen Y, Jiang Q. History of human schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) in China: from discovery to elimination. Acta Parasitol. 2021;66(3):760\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"418_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faust E.C. Schistosomiasis in China: biological and practical aspects. Proc R Soc Med. 1924;17(Sect Trop Dis Parasitol):31\u201343.","DOI":"10.1177\/003591572401702216"},{"issue":"7013","key":"418_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(58)90686-X","volume":"1","author":"B Maegraith","year":"1958","unstructured":"Maegraith B. Schistosomiasis in China. Lancet. 1958;1(7013):208\u201314.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"418_CR43","unstructured":"Zhou XN et al. [Role of the new version of the Control and Elimination Criteria for Schistosomiasis in acceleration of the schistosomiasis elimination program in China]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi, 2013:25(1):1\u20134."},{"key":"418_CR44","unstructured":"Standard CN. Control and elimination of schistosomiasis. 2015, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People\u2019s Republic of China Standardization Administration of the People\u2019s Republic of China. p. 5."},{"key":"418_CR45","volume-title":"Action plan for the elimination of schistosomiasis (2023\u20132030)","author":"NDCaP Administration","year":"2023","unstructured":"Administration NDCaP. In: Administration, et al. editors. Action plan for the elimination of schistosomiasis (2023\u20132030). Editors: Beijing; 2023. N.D.C.a.P."},{"issue":"7","key":"418_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2022.024","volume":"4","author":"Z Hong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hong Z, et al. Elimination of schistosomiasis Japonica in China: from the one health perspective. China CDC Wkly. 2022;4(7):130\u20134.","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"issue":"12","key":"418_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02403.x","volume":"14","author":"LD Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang LD, et al. China\u2019s new strategy to block Schistosoma Japonicum transmission: experiences and impact beyond schistosomiasis. Trop Med Int Health. 2009;14(12):1475\u201383.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"418_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3295-5","volume":"112","author":"R Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu R, Dong HF, Jiang MS. The new National integrated strategy emphasizing infection sources control for schistosomiasis control in China has made remarkable achievements. Parasitol Res. 2013;112(4):1483\u201391.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"418_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.02.004","volume":"92","author":"Y Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang Y, et al. Integrated control strategy of schistosomiasis in the People\u2019s Republic of China: projects involving agriculture, water conservancy, forestry, sanitation and environmental modification. Adv Parasitol. 2016;92:237\u201368.","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"418_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5315-8","volume":"116","author":"X Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang X, Wang W, Wang P. Long-term effectiveness of the integrated schistosomiasis control strategy with emphasis on infectious source control in China: a 10-year evaluation from 2005 to 2014. Parasitol Res. 2017;116(2):521\u20138.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"418_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.05.005","volume":"44","author":"DJ Gray","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gray DJ, et al. A multi-component integrated approach for the elimination of schistosomiasis in the People\u2019s Republic of China: design and baseline results of a 4-year cluster-randomised intervention trial. Int J Parasitol. 2014;44(9):659\u201368.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"418_CR52","first-page":"168","volume":"96","author":"MG Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen MG. Use of praziquantel for clinical treatment and morbidity control of schistosomiasis Japonica in China: a review of 30 years\u2019 experience. Acta Trop. 2005;96(2\u20133):168\u201376.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"4","key":"418_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007238","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007238","volume":"13","author":"XY Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang XY, et al. Efficacy of China-made praziquantel for treatment of schistosomiasis haematobium in Africa: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(4):e0007238.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"418_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv C et al. Molecular techniques as alternatives of diagnostic tools in China as schistosomiasis moving towards elimination. Pathogens, 2022. 11(3).","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11030287"},{"key":"418_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin ZQ et al. Field evaluation of a Loop-Mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) platform for the detection of Schistosoma Japonicum infection in oncomelania hupensis snails. Trop Med Infect Dis, 2018. 3(4).","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3040124"},{"key":"418_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.03.004","volume":"92","author":"L Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen L, et al. Health education as an important component in the National schistosomiasis control programme in the People\u2019s Republic of China. Adv Parasitol. 2016;92:307\u201339.","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"418_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2868-7","volume":"11","author":"W Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang W, et al. Discovery of the pyridylphenylureas as novel molluscicides against the invasive snail Biomphalaria straminea, intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11(1):291.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"11","key":"418_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-07966-5","volume":"122","author":"L Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou L. The cultural policies of schistosomiasis control in China: a historical analysis. Parasitol Res. 2023;122(11):2457\u201365.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"418_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.03.003","volume":"92","author":"LJ Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang LJ, et al. The establishment and function of schistosomiasis surveillance system towards elimination in the People\u2019s Republic of China. Adv Parasitol. 2016;92:117\u201341.","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"418_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S2414-6447(19)30062-4","volume":"1","author":"E Tambo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tambo E, et al. The value of China-Africa health development initiatives in strengthening one health strategy. Glob Health J. 2017;1(1):33\u201346.","journal-title":"Glob Health J"},{"issue":"1","key":"418_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0598-5","volume":"8","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hotez PJ. Whatever happened to China\u2019s neglected tropical diseases? Infect Dis Poverty. 2019;8(1):85.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"418_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105379","volume":"208","author":"EM Abe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abe EM, et al. Approaches in scaling up schistosomiasis intervention towards transmission elimination in Africa: leveraging from the Chinese experience and lessons. Acta Trop. 2020;208:105379.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"418_CR63","unstructured":"Agency ZNS. 2022 Population and Housing Census: Priliminary Report on Population Figures, 2024."},{"key":"418_CR64","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Basic laboratory methods in medical parasitology. 1991."},{"key":"418_CR65","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Bench Aids for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites, second edition. 2019, Geneve: World Health Organization: World Health Organization."},{"issue":"4","key":"418_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.54.319","volume":"54","author":"D Engels","year":"1996","unstructured":"Engels D, Sinzinkayo E, Gryseels B. Day-to-day egg count fluctuation in Schistosoma mansoni infection and its operational implications. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996;54(4):319\u201324.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"418_CR67","volume-title":"Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis. Coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions: a manual for health professionals and programme managers","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2006","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis. Coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions: a manual for health professionals and programme managers. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006."},{"key":"418_CR68","volume-title":"Field use of molluscicides in schistosomiasis control programmes: an operational manual for programme managers","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Field use of molluscicides in schistosomiasis control programmes: an operational manual for programme managers. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"418_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3881-1","volume":"13","author":"MJ Mutsaka-Makuvaza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mutsaka-Makuvaza MJ, et al. Molecular diversity of Bulinus species in Madziwa area, Shamva district in Zimbabwe: implications for urogenital schistosomiasis transmission. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13(1):14.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"7","key":"418_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4975","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05541-0","volume":"47","author":"X-N Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Masceline Jenipher Mutsaka-Makuvaza, Zhou X-N, Tshuma C, et al. Genetic diversity of Biomphalaria Pfeifferi, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni in Shamva district, Zimbabwe: role on intestinal schistosomiasis transmission. Mol Biol Rep. 2020;47(7):4975\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-020-05541-0. Epub 2020 Jun 12.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"418_CR71","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Schistosomiasis: progress report 2001\u20132011, strategic plan 2012\u20132020. 2001."},{"key":"418_CR72","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Helminth control in school-age children: a guide for managers of control programmes. World Health Organization; 2011."},{"key":"418_CR73","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030. 2020."},{"key":"418_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0521-0","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, et al. SWOT analysis on snail control measures applied in the National schistosomiasis control programme in the People\u2019s Republic of China. Infect Dis Poverty. 2019;8:13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-019-0521-0.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"418_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7110347","volume":"7","author":"AM Mtumweni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mtumweni AM, et al. The indispensability of snail control for accelerating schistosomiasis elimination: evidence from Zanzibar. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2022;7:347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed7110347.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"418_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L, et al. Snail control as a crucial approach to schistosomiasis elimination: evidence from the People\u2019s Republic of China. Infect Dis Poverty. 2025;14(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-025-01281-0.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-025-01281-0"},{"key":"418_CR77","unstructured":"Agostinho GV, et al. Discrepancy between batches and impact on the sensitivity of point-of-care Circulating cathodic antigen tests for Schistosoma mansoni infection. Acta Tropica; 2019."},{"key":"418_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jose\u2032 M, Peralta, et al. Is POC-CCA a truly reliable test for schistosomiasis diagnosis in low endemic areas. PLOS NTD; 2018.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006813"},{"key":"418_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106795","author":"G Daniel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daniel G, Colley, et al. The POC-CCA assay for detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection needs standardization in production and proper quality control to be reliable. Acta Trop. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106795.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00418-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00418-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00418-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T12:03:02Z","timestamp":1748260982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00418-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00418-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-6014"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-6014","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical review and approval from the National ethical regulatory board: the Medical Research Council, Zimbabwe (MRCZ\/A\/3049) was obtained. Approval was also obtained from the Ministry of Health and Child Care and the Ministry of Primary and secondary education. All patients gave oral or written consent for data collection and analysis when they registered in the field study, and the analysis was fully anonymized.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"75"}}