{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T19:56:59Z","timestamp":1781639819222,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Glob Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immunocompromised individuals are at substantially increased risk of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI), often compounded by inadequate response to vaccination. We assessed the prevalence of immunocompromising conditions (ICs) among hospitalized SARI patients, overall and by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) status, focusing on temporal trends during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We hypothesized that IC prevalence among SARS-CoV-2-positive SARI patients may have increased over time due to increasing background rates of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and differential vaccination coverage and efficacy among those with IC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a secondary data analysis of 5280 adults (\u2265\u200918 years) hospitalized with SARI, enrolled in the COVIDRIVE study from five hospitals in Belgium, Italy, and Spain (June 2021-May 2023) and tested for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). IC prevalence (including 95% confidence intervals [CIs)] was assessed using two definitions (main and alternative), excluding and including cancer patients. Changes in IC prevalence over time were assessed using linear trend analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the 5280 SARI cases, IC prevalence by main definition was 13.9% (95% CI: 12.9\u201314.8) overall, increasing from 8.3% (95% CI: 3.7\u201315.8) to a peak of 22.0% (95% CI: 17.9\u201326.4) in Q3 2022; by alternative definition, IC prevalence was 28.8% (95% CI: 27.6\u201330.0) overall, increasing from 18.8% (95% CI: 11.5\u201328.0) to a peak of 38.5% (95% CI: 32.7\u201344.5) in Q2 2023. Among the 1924 SARS-CoV-2-positive cases, IC prevalence by main definition was 14.2% (95% CI: 12.7\u201315.9) overall, increasing from 3.4% (95% CI: 0.1\u201317.8) to a peak of 23.8% (95% CI: 17.4\u201331.1) in Q3 2022; by alternative definition, IC prevalence was 29.6% (95% CI: 27.6\u201331.7) overall, increasing from 3.4% (95% CI: 0.1\u201317.8) to a peak of 46.8% (95% CI: 32.1\u201361.9) in Q2 2023. The larger observed increase in IC prevalence (by both definitions) over time among SARS-CoV-2-positives, relative to SARI patients without SARS-CoV-2, was statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immunocompromised individuals represent a high proportion of hospitalized SARI cases, with results suggesting IC prevalence was higher during later periods of the COVID-19 pandemic. As immunocompromised individuals often respond inadequately to vaccination, alternative strategies are needed to better protect this vulnerable group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-025-00503-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T05:15:27Z","timestamp":1773033327000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changing Prevalence of Immunocompromising Conditions in Patients Hospitalized with Severe Acute Respiratory Infection in Europe: Insights from the COVIDRIVE Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wilhelmine","family":"Meeraus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Proki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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Lancet Infect Dis. 2025;25(7):813\u201326.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00503-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00503-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00503-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T19:36:20Z","timestamp":1781638580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00503-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00503-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-6014"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-6014","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The COVIDRIVE master protocol and the study site-specific study protocols developed from it were approved by the relevant ethics committees following local regulations. Approval from the COVIDRIVE steering committee was obtained for this secondary data use study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent for primary data collection was obtained from all study participants included in the study or from their legally acceptable representative. This included consent for anonymized data to be published. Waiver of informed consent was authorized by local ethics committees for prospective data collection for the Spanish study sites (GTUPH and HUVH), as the tests carried out and information collected were part of routine clinical practice and epidemiological surveillance there. Additionally, waiver of informed consent was approved for retrospective data collection for all study sites participating in retrospective data collection (retrospective meaning that the patient was admitted to the hospital before the study site activation date and enrolled in the study retroactively).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"WM and SV are employees of AstraZeneca and hold AstraZeneca stocks\/shares. ST was an employee of AstraZeneca at the time of this research and held AstraZeneca stocks\/shares. EC-S, KB, KC, SM-L, and WH-M are employees of P95 Clinical & Epidemiology Services. IP was an employee of P95 Clinical & Epidemiology Services at the time of this research. KB and WHM hold P95 stocks\/shares. JGB is an employee of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), which funds COVID-19 vaccine research and development. JGB and M-AW are members of the COVIDRIVE (now id.DRIVE) Independent Scientific Committee and have received reimbursement of expenses for travel and accommodation to attend COVIDRIVE meetings (JGB) and compensation for time reviewing the COVIDRIVE study protocol and methodology (M-AW). AO received support for participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board, for attending meetings and\/or travel from GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi, Moderna, MSD, Sequirus, Novavax, and support for attending meetings and\/or travel from AstraZeneca. AO declares grants or contracts for conduct of clinical trials and observational studies from GlaxoSmithKline, Moderna, Sanofi, Pfizer and MSD. SOR declares consulting fees from Sanofi and Moderna. SOR and AO declare payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events by GlaxoSmithKline. Such funding was also received by SOR from AstraZeneca and by AO from MSD, Moderna, and Sequirus. IC received support from Pfizer for attending a congress. All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"32"}}