{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:03:16Z","timestamp":1793120596925,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768003200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Glob Health"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-025-00510-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T19:52:05Z","timestamp":1768074725000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Emergence and Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Variant XFG (\u201cStratus\u201d): Comparative Virological, Epidemiological, and Public-Health Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Leena E.","family":"Azhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dania A.","family":"Samkari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma M.","family":"Alsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esam Ibraheem","family":"Azhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"510_CR1","volume-title":"Initial risk evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 variant under monitoring: XFG (Stratus)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Initial risk evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 variant under monitoring: XFG (Stratus). Geneva: WHO; 2025. Jun 25."},{"key":"510_CR2","volume-title":"Risk evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 variant under monitoring: NB.1.8.1","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Risk evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 variant under monitoring: NB.1.8.1. Geneva: WHO; 2025. May 23."},{"key":"510_CR3","volume-title":"Updated risk evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 variant JN.1","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Updated risk evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 variant JN.1. Geneva: WHO; 2024. Apr 15."},{"key":"510_CR4","volume-title":"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. Geneva: WHO; 2025."},{"key":"510_CR5","volume-title":"Epidemiological update: SARS-CoV-2 and NB.1.8.1 variant assessment","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2025","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Epidemiological update: SARS-CoV-2 and NB.1.8.1 variant assessment. Stockholm: ECDC; 2025. Jun 13."},{"key":"510_CR6","volume-title":"Weekly communicable disease threats report, week 40 (27 Sep\u20133 Oct 2025)","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2025","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Weekly communicable disease threats report, week 40 (27 Sep\u20133 Oct 2025). Stockholm: ECDC; 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"510_CR7","first-page":"e675","volume":"11","author":"Y Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu Y, Zhao J, Zhang W, et al. The rising SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 variant: evolution, infectivity and immune characteristics. Mol Cell Oncol. 2024;11(1):e675.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Oncol"},{"key":"510_CR8","volume-title":"Statement on the antigen composition of COVID-19 vaccines","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Statement on the antigen composition of COVID-19 vaccines. Geneva: WHO; 2024. Apr 26."},{"key":"510_CR9","unstructured":"World Health Organization. South-East Asia regional Office. Epidemiological bulletin 2025_13. New Delhi: WHO SEARO; 2025 Jul. p. 1."},{"key":"510_CR10","volume-title":"WHO adds XFG to SARS-CoV-2 variants under monitoring","author":"Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. WHO adds XFG to SARS-CoV-2 variants under monitoring. Minneapolis (MN): CIDRAP; 2025. Jun 27."},{"key":"510_CR11","unstructured":"Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. US COVID-19 activity falling; XFG still predominant, wastewater suggests. Volume 3. Minneapolis (MN): CIDRAP; 2025 Oct."},{"key":"510_CR12","unstructured":"Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. US COVID-19 levels continue slight upward trend (XFG and NB.1.8.1 context). Minneapolis (MN): CIDRAP; 2025 Jul. p. 25."},{"key":"510_CR13","unstructured":"TIME. What to know about the new COVID-19 variant XFG (Stratus). New York: TIME; 2025 Jul."},{"key":"510_CR14","unstructured":"Geddes L. Eight things you need to know about the new nimbus and stratus COVID-19 variants. VaccinesWork (Gavi). 2025 Jun 16."},{"key":"510_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jian F, Li Y, Chen Z, et al. Evolving antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 antigenic shift from XBB to JN.1. Nature. 2025;628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-08315-x. online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08315-x"},{"key":"510_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00908","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00908-25","volume":"99","author":"S Tsujino","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tsujino S, Wada Y, Morioka T, et al. Evolution of BA.2.86 to JN.1 reveals functional changes in Spike and viral properties. J Virol. 2025;99:e00908\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.00908-25.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"510_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00464","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00464-25","volume":"16","author":"P Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li P, Zhang M, Hu J, et al. Neutralization and Spike stability of JN.1-derived subvariants. mBio. 2025;16:e00464\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.00464-25.","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"4","key":"510_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7304a2","volume":"73","author":"R Link-Gelles","year":"2024","unstructured":"Link-Gelles R, McMorrow M, Dascomb K, et al. Early estimates of 2023\u20132024 monovalent XBB.1.5 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2024;73(4):1\u20138.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"510_CR19","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global risk assessment of emerging SARS-CoV-2 lineages. Geneva: WHO; 2025 Aug."},{"key":"510_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565934","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1565934","volume":"16","author":"Y Hu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hu Y, Lin Y, Zhang R, et al. Comparative analysis of replication and immune evasion of BA.2.86\/JN.1 family subvariants. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1565934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1565934.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"510_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00751","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00751-24","volume":"15","author":"P Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li P, He D, Yang S, et al. Distinct patterns of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.87.1 and JN.1 variants in neutralization resistance and fitness. mBio. 2024;15:e00751\u201324.","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"510_CR22","volume-title":"COVID-19 variants dashboard (WHO Data)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025","unstructured":"World Health Organization. COVID-19 variants dashboard (WHO Data). Geneva: WHO; 2025."}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00510-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00510-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00510-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T16:21:12Z","timestamp":1769098872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00510-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44197-025-00510-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-6014"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-6014","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable (no human or animal subjects).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8"}}