{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T10:16:04Z","timestamp":1772187364996,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Glob Health"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-026-00521-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T03:17:25Z","timestamp":1771989445000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perceived Social Support, Contact Violence Experience, and Sexually Transmitted Infection Risk among Gambian Female Sex Workers: A LASSO-Guided, Causal Inference, and Multilevel Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Amadou","family":"Barrow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baderinwa Omolade","family":"Abatan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobiloba Oyejide Alex","family":"Omotosho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayodeji Matthew","family":"Adebayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edrisa","family":"Sanyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Bass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"521_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70066-X","volume":"12","author":"S Baral","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baral S, Beyrer C, Muessig K, Poteat T, Wirtz AL, Decker MR, et al. Burden of HIV among female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12:538\u201349.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"521_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60931-4","volume":"385","author":"K Shannon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shannon K, Strathdee SA, Goldenberg SM, Duff P, Mwangi P, Rusakova M, et al. Global epidemiology of HIV among female sex workers: influence of structural determinants. Lancet. 2015;385:55\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60931-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"521_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105645","volume":"9","author":"E Mountain","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mountain E, Mishra S, Vickerman P, Pickles M, Gilks C, Boily M-C. Antiretroviral therapy uptake, attrition, adherence and outcomes among HIV-infected female sex workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9:e105645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0105645.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"521_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jones HS, Anderson RL, Cust H, McClelland RS, Richardson BA, Thirumurthy H et al. HIV incidence among women engaging in sex work in sub-Saharan africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.10.17.23297108","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.10.17.23297108"},{"key":"521_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039495","volume":"10","author":"L Atuhaire","year":"2020","unstructured":"Atuhaire L, Adetokunboh O, Shumba C, Nyasulu PS. Effect of female sex work-targeted community-based interventions along the HIV treatment cascade in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open. 2020;10:e039495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039495.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"521_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20499361231199550","volume":"10","author":"F Bongomin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bongomin F, Kibone W, Okot J, Ouma S, Madraa G, Ojara FW, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis use among female sex workers in Gulu city, Uganda: a community-based cross-sectional study. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2023;10:20499361231199550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20499361231199550.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Infect Dis"},{"key":"521_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4891-6","volume":"17","author":"Q Ma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ma Q, Jiang J, Pan X, Cai G, Wang H, Zhou X, et al. Consistent condom use and its correlates among female sex workers at hair salons: a cross-sectional study in Zhejiang province, China. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-017-4891-6.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"521_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51757\/IJEHS.3.1.2022.247746","volume":"3","author":"AA Fofana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fofana AA, Mehmet N. Prevalence and incidence rate of HIV\/AIDS in West Africa. International Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences. 2022;3:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51757\/IJEHS.3.1.2022.247746.","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences"},{"key":"521_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9580548","volume":"2017","author":"HG Ouedraogo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ouedraogo HG, Ky-Zerbo O, Baguiya A, Grosso A, Goodman S, Samadoulougou BC, et al. HIV among female sex workers in five cities in Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional baseline survey to inform HIV\/AIDS programs. AIDS Res Treat. 2017;2017:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/9580548.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Treat"},{"key":"521_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202311.1319.v1","author":"J Ssenyonjo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ssenyonjo J, Mistler C, Adler T, Shrestha R, Kyambadde P, Copenhaver M. Examining HIV knowledge and sexual risky behaviors among female sex workers in Kampala. Uganda. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20944\/preprints202311.1319.v1.","journal-title":"Uganda"},{"key":"521_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.5114\/hivar.2023.124893","volume":"22","author":"M Eftekhar-Ardebili","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eftekhar-Ardebili M, Raziani Y, Bernstein C, Khodakhah P, Noodeh FA, Ranjbar H. Challenges in receiving HIV preventionservices by female sex workers: a qualitative study. HIV AIDS Rev. 2023;22:349\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/hivar.2023.124893.","journal-title":"HIV AIDS Rev"},{"key":"521_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1243","volume":"6","author":"P Ayamah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ayamah P, Aheto JMK, Atuahene KS, Annang DA, Nartey DT, Amuasi SA, et al. Multiple indicators of violence against female sex workers and its associated factors in Ghana: evidence from the 2015 integrated bio-behavioral surveillance survey cross\u2010sectional study. Health Sci Rep. 2023;6:e1243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.1243.","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"521_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150347","volume":"11","author":"R Prakash","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prakash R, Manthri S, Tayyaba S, Joy A, Raj SS, Singh D, et al. Effect of physical violence on sexually transmitted infections and treatment seeking behaviour among female sex workers in Thane District, Maharashtra, India. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0150347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0150347.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"521_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6817325","volume":"2016","author":"CR Ojha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ojha CR, Shakya G, Dumre SP. Virological and Immunological Status of the People Living with HIV\/AIDS Undergoing ART Treatment in Nepal. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:6817325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/6817325.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"521_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1583-y","volume":"15","author":"JA Sherwood","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sherwood JA, Grosso A, Decker MR, Peitzmeier S, Papworth E, Diouf D, et al. Sexual violence against female sex workers in The Gambia: a cross-sectional examination of the associations between victimization and reproductive, sexual and mental health. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-015-1583-y.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"521_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60800-X","volume":"385","author":"MR Decker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Decker MR, Crago A-L, Chu SKH, Sherman SG, Seshu MS, Buthelezi K, et al. Human rights violations against sex workers: burden and effect on HIV. Lancet. 2015;385:186\u201399.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"521_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2012.763187","volume":"15","author":"F Scorgie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scorgie F, Nakato D, Harper E, Richter M, Maseko S, Nare P, et al. \u2018We are despised in the hospitals\u2019: sex workers\u2019 experiences of accessing health care in four African countries. Cult Health Sex. 2013;15:450\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13691058.2012.763187.","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"521_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30003-X","volume":"389","author":"M Singer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singer M, Bulled N, Ostrach B, Mendenhall E. Syndemics and the biosocial conception of health. Lancet. 2017;389:941\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30003-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"521_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5201_2","volume":"52","author":"GD Zimet","year":"1988","unstructured":"Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess. 1988;52:30\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327752jpa5201_2.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"521_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60973-9","volume":"385","author":"D Kerrigan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kerrigan D, Kennedy CE, Morgan-Thomas R, Reza-Paul S, Mwangi P, Win KT, et al. A community empowerment approach to the HIV response among sex workers: effectiveness, challenges, and considerations for implementation and scale-up. Lancet. 2015;385:172\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60973-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"521_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-025-01455-9","author":"BO Abatan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abatan BO, Omotosho TOA, Bass P. Prevalence and factors associated with consistent contraceptive use among female sex workers in the Greater Banjul Area, The Gambia. J Community Health. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10900-025-01455-9.","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"key":"521_CR22","volume-title":"Integrated Biological Behavioural Surveillance Survey of Vulnerable Groups: The Gambia 2023 Final Report","author":"National AIDS Control Program","year":"2023","unstructured":"National AIDS Control Program, The Global fund, Actionaid. Integrated Biological Behavioural Surveillance Survey of Vulnerable Groups: The Gambia 2023 Final Report. Kotu: Ministry of Health; 2023."},{"key":"521_CR23","volume-title":"National Strategic Plan for HIV and AIDS, The Gambia (2021\u20132025)","author":"Ministry of Health","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. National Strategic Plan for HIV and AIDS, The Gambia (2021\u20132025). Kotu: National AIDS Control Program; 2021."},{"key":"521_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845","volume-title":"The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design","author":"U Bronfenbrenner","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bronfenbrenner U. The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4159\/9780674028845."},{"key":"521_CR25","volume-title":"The Gambia 2024 Population and Housing Census: Preliminary Report","author":"Gambia Bureau of Statistics","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gambia Bureau of Statistics. The Gambia 2024 Population and Housing Census: Preliminary Report. Kanifing: GBoS; 2024."},{"key":"521_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Country factsheets: Gambia 2023. 2023.","DOI":"10.5089\/9798400244292.002"},{"key":"521_CR27","volume-title":"The Gambia National HIV Sentinel Surveillance Survey: 2020","author":"Ministry of Health","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. The Gambia National HIV Sentinel Surveillance Survey: 2020. Kotu, The Gambia: Ministry of Health; 2020."},{"key":"521_CR28","unstructured":"fhi360. Roadmap for virtual HIV interventions in the Gambia. FHI 360; 2023."},{"key":"521_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"069","DOI":"10.1363\/3906913","volume":"39","author":"EA Yam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yam EA, Mnisi Z, Mabuza X, Kennedy C, Tsui A, Baral S. Use of dual protection among female sex workers in Swaziland [. IPSRH. 2013;39:069\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1363\/3906913.","journal-title":"IPSRH"},{"key":"521_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2017.07.003","volume":"96","author":"MM Chanda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chanda MM, Ortblad KF, Mwale M, Chongo S, Kanchele C, Kamungoma N, et al. Contraceptive use and unplanned pregnancy among female sex workers in Zambia. Contraception. 2017;96:196\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.contraception.2017.07.003.","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"521_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1076","volume":"3","author":"AL Grosso","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grosso AL, Lei EL, Ketende SC, Peitzmeier S, Mason K, Ceesay N, et al. Correlates of condom use among female sex workers in The Gambia: results of a cross-sectional survey. PeerJ. 2015;3:e1076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.1076.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"521_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980730)17:14<1623::AID-SIM871>3.0.CO;2-S","volume":"17","author":"H Fy","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fy H, Da B, Md L. A simple method of sample size calculation for linear and logistic regression. Stat Med. 1998;17:1623\u201334.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"521_CR33","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2. ed., reprint. New York, NY: Psychology Press; 2009.","edition":"2. ed., reprint"},{"key":"521_CR34","volume-title":"Multilevel network analysis for the social sciences: theory, methods and applications","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lazega E, Snijders TAB, editors. Multilevel network analysis for the social sciences: theory, methods and applications. Cham: Springer; 2016."},{"key":"521_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39:175\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193146.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"521_CR36","unstructured":"Champely S. pwr: Basic functions for power analysis. R package. 2020."},{"key":"521_CR37","volume-title":"Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction To Basic And Advanced Multilevel Modeling","author":"TAB Snijders","year":"2012","unstructured":"Snijders TAB. Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction To Basic And Advanced Multilevel Modeling. Cham: SAGE Publications Ltd; 2012."},{"key":"521_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12836-3","volume":"22","author":"M McGowan","year":"2022","unstructured":"McGowan M, Roche SD, Nakitende A, Wachinger J, Nanyiri E, Amongin J, et al. Understanding how social support influences peer-delivered HIV prevention interventions among Ugandan female sex workers: a case study from HIV self-testing. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-022-12836-3.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"521_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0458-4","volume":"17","author":"DL Kerrigan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kerrigan DL, Fonner VA, Stromdahl S, Kennedy CE. Community empowerment among female sex workers is an effective HIV prevention intervention: A systematic review of the peer-reviewed evidence from low- and middle-income countries. AIDS Behav. 2013;17:1926\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-013-0458-4.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"521_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.2989\/16085906.2016.1255652","volume":"15","author":"KE Lancaster","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lancaster KE, Cernigliaro D, Zulliger R, Fleming PF. HIV care and treatment experiences among female sex workers living with HIV in sub-Saharan africa: A systematic review. Afr J AIDS Res. 2016;15:377\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2989\/16085906.2016.1255652.","journal-title":"Afr J AIDS Res"},{"key":"521_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000042","volume":"9","author":"K Shannon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shannon K, Goldenberg SM, Deering KN, Strathdee SA. HIV infection among female sex workers in concentrated and high prevalence epidemics: why a structural determinants framework is needed. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2014;9:174\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/COH.0000000000000042.","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"521_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-11-79","volume":"11","author":"L Ghimire","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ghimire L, Smith WCS, Van Teijlingen ER. Utilisation of sexual health services by female sex workers in Nepal. BMC Health Serv Res. 2011;11:79. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-11-79.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"521_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.01.015","volume":"51","author":"JS Tucker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tucker JS, Hu J, Golinelli D, Kennedy DP, Green HD, Wenzel SL. Social network and individual correlates of sexual risk behavior among homeless young men who have sex with men. J Adolesc Health. 2012;51:386\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.01.015.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"521_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-9882-5","volume":"16","author":"D German","year":"2012","unstructured":"German D, Latkin CA. Social stability and HIV risk behavior: evaluating the role of accumulated vulnerability. AIDS Behav. 2012;16:168\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-011-9882-5.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"521_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.1.18845","volume":"17","author":"Y Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li Y, Marshall CM, Rees HC, Nunez A, Ezeanolue EE, Ehiri JE. Intimate partner violence and HIV infection among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014;17:18845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7448\/IAS.17.1.18845.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"521_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301909","volume":"104","author":"KN Deering","year":"2014","unstructured":"Deering KN, Amin A, Shoveller J, Nesbitt A, Garcia-Moreno C, Duff P, et al. A systematic review of the correlates of violence against sex workers. Am J Public Health. 2014;104:e42\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301909.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"521_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182249","volume":"12","author":"T Wahed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wahed T, Alam A, Sultana S, Rahman M, Alam N, Martens M, et al. Barriers to sexual and reproductive healthcare services as experienced by female sex workers and service providers in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0182249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0182249.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"521_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-017-0403-8","volume":"17","author":"G Harling","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harling G, Gumede D, Mutevedzi T, McGrath N, Seeley J, Pillay D, et al. The impact of self-interviews on response patterns for sensitive topics: a randomized trial of electronic delivery methods for a sexual behaviour questionnaire in rural South Africa. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2017;17:125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-017-0403-8.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"521_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15167\/2421-4248\/JPMH2019.60.4.1118","author":"S Rezaeian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rezaeian S, Najafi F, Moradinazar M, Hamzeh B. The reliability of self-reporting chronic diseases: how reliable is the result of population-based cohort studies. J Prev Med Hyg. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15167\/2421-4248\/JPMH2019.60.4.1118. :E349 Pages.","journal-title":"J Prev Med Hyg"},{"key":"521_CR50","volume-title":"Global network of sex work projects (NSWP). Implementing comprehensive HIV\/STI programmes with sex workers: practical approaches from collaborative interventions","author":"UNFPAUNAIDS World Bank","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Health Organization, World Bank UNFPAUNAIDS. Global network of sex work projects (NSWP). Implementing comprehensive HIV\/STI programmes with sex workers: practical approaches from collaborative interventions. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013."}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44197-026-00521-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-026-00521-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-026-00521-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T09:12:31Z","timestamp":1772183551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44197-026-00521-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44197-026-00521-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-6014"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-6014","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The current study is a secondary analysis of the primary study [\n                      \n                      ] that was was reviewed and approved by the University of The Gambia Research and Publication Committee and the Joint Gambia Government\/Medical Research Council Ethics Committee on human subjects research (Ref #: R022 001). All participants provided written informed consent before participating in the study, which was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study used aggregated, publicly available population-level data with no individual participant information, images, or identifiable details.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical Trial Number"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"21"}}