{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T12:05:07Z","timestamp":1775563507737,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773619200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Transformation Institute Cross-disciplinary Research Program","award":["JYZHY009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYZHY009"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Province Higher Education Science Research Project","award":["Hnky202425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hnky202425"]}]},{"name":"Hainan Province Science Popularization Project","award":["KPHD202521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KPHD202521"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Training Program","award":["S202411810015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202411810015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Glob Health"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-026-00534-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T18:51:08Z","timestamp":1773687068000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["G20 Country Burden of High BMI-Related Liver Cancer: Trends from 1990 to 2021 and Projections to 2050"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yunshuo","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meiling","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanjia","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"534_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14010103","volume":"14","author":"S Zelber-Sagi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zelber-Sagi S, Noureddin M, Shibolet O. Lifestyle and hepatocellular carcinoma what is the evidence and prevention recommendations. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(1):103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14010103.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"534_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1210802","volume":"14","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Z, Zhang Y, Zhang B, et al. Bibliometric study of immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1210802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1210802.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"534_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i2.377","volume":"8","author":"YW Tan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tan YW, Ye Y, Sun L. Argon-helium cryoablation for thoracic vertebrae with metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma-related hepatitis B: a case report. World J Clin Cases. 2020;8(2):377\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i2.377.","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"issue":"1","key":"534_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16407-y","volume":"23","author":"Q Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Q, Yu M, Lv H, Zhang L, Deng Y, Yu H. Burden of early-onset colorectal cancer along with attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019: a comparative study between China and other G20 countries. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):1463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-16407-y.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"534_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.p1897","volume":"382","author":"A Kant","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kant A, Clark H. The G20 must act now for the health and wellbeing of women, children, and adolescents around the world. BMJ. 2023;382:1897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.p1897.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"534_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7114-5","volume":"19","author":"B McBride","year":"2019","unstructured":"McBride B, Hawkes S, Buse K. Soft power and global health: the sustainable development goals (SDGs) era health agendas of the G7, G20 and BRICS. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7114-5.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"534_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-023-02045-8","volume":"22","author":"M Mac-Seing","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mac-Seing M, Gidey M, Di Ruggiero E. COVID-19-related global health governance and population health priorities for health equity in G20 countries: a scoping review. Int J Equity Health. 2023;22(1):232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-023-02045-8.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"534_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 2024; 403(10440): 2100\u20132132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00367-2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00367-2"},{"key":"534_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 2024; 403(10440): 2133\u20132161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140\/6736\/24\/00757\/8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\/6736\/24\/00757\/8"},{"issue":"1","key":"534_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-025-07617-w","volume":"25","author":"X Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li X, Qu P, Yan P, et al. Trends in burden and mortality of congenital birth defects in G20 countries (1990\u20132021) and predictions for 2022\u20132040. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2025;25(1):494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-025-07617-w.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"534_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04131","volume":"14","author":"Y Gong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gong Y, Jiang Q, Zhai M, Tang T, Liu S. Thyroid cancer trends in China and its comparative analysis with G20 countries: projections for 2020-2040. J Glob Health. 2024;14:04131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.14.04131.","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"534_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00908-z","volume":"13","author":"M Yi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yi M, Li A, Zhou L, Chu Q, Song Y, Wu K. The global burden and attributable risk factor analysis of acute myeloid leukemia in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017: estimates based on the global burden of disease study 2017. J Hematol Oncol. 2020;13(1):72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13045-020-00908-z.","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"534_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-020-00181-3","volume":"9","author":"X Bai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bai X, Yi M, Dong B, Zheng X, Wu K. The global, regional, and national burden of kidney cancer and attributable risk factor analysis from 1990 to 2017. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2020;9:27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40164-020-00181-3.","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"534_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu Q, Li Z, Ji Y, et al. Forecasting the seasonality and trend of pulmonary tuberculosis in Jiangsu Province of China using advanced statistical time-series analyses. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12: 2311\u201322.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S207809.","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S207809"},{"key":"534_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881900075X","volume":"147","author":"G Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang G, Wei W, Jiang J, et al. Application of a long short-term memory neural network: a burgeoning method of deep learning in forecasting HIV incidence in Guangxi, China. Epidemiol Infect. 2019;147:e194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S095026881900075X.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"534_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39350","volume":"6","author":"G Ke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ke G, Hu Y, Huang X, et al. Epidemiological analysis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China with the seasonal-trend decomposition method and the exponential smoothing model. Sci Rep. 2016;6:39350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep39350.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"534_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2004.03363.x","volume":"44","author":"A Pereira","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pereira A. Performance of time-series methods in forecasting the demand for red blood cell transfusion. Transfusion. 2004;44(5):739\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2004.03363.x.","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"9","key":"534_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.06.032","volume":"5","author":"M Dally","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dally M, Butler-Dawson J, Johnson RJ, et al. Creatinine fluctuations forecast cross-harvest kidney function decline among sugarcane workers in Guatemala. Kidney Int Rep. 2020;5(9):1558\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.06.032.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"534_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123166","volume":"10","author":"D Xiao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xiao D, Wu K, Tan X, et al. Modeling and predicting hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome trends based on meteorological factors in Hu County, China. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0123166.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"534_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123166","volume":"14","author":"Y Wei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wei Y, Wang Z, Wang H, Li Y, Jiang Z. Predicting population age structures of China, India, and Vietnam by 2030 based on compositional data. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):e0212772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0123166.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"534_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.15.04040","volume":"15","author":"X Yao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yao X, Ling X, Zhu Z, Cao X, Tang S. Temporal trends of liver cancer burden, comparative analysis of risk factors and trend forecasts to 2024 in China, USA, the Republic of Korea, and Mongolia: an analysis based on multiple data sources from Global Burden of Disease 2019, the Global Cancer Observatory, and Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. J Glob Health. 2025;15:04040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.15.04040.","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"534_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32758","volume":"77","author":"DJH Tan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tan DJH, Setiawan VW, Ng CH, et al. Global burden of liver cancer in males and females: changing etiological basis and the growing contribution of NASH. Hepatology. 2023;77(4):1150\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.32758.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"534_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16010034","author":"TR Fuerst","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fuerst TR, Marin A, Jeong S, et al. Virus-mimicking polymer nanocomplexes co-assembling HCV E1E2 and core proteins with TLR 7\/8 agonist-synthesis, characterization, and in vivo activity. J Funct Biomater. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb16010034.","journal-title":"J Funct Biomater"},{"key":"534_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-017-0121-1","volume":"12","author":"GM Clifford","year":"2017","unstructured":"Clifford GM, Waterboer T, Dondog B, et al. Hepatitis C virus seroprevalence in the general female population of 9 countries in Europe, Asia and Africa. Infect Agent Cancer. 2017;12:9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13027-017-0121-1.","journal-title":"Infect Agent Cancer"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"534_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iv238","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy308","volume":"29","author":"A Vogel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vogel A, Cervantes A, Chau I, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2018;29(Suppl 4):iv238-55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annonc\/mdy308.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"534_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.06.012","volume":"153","author":"F Kanwal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kanwal F, Kramer J, Asch SM, Chayanupatkul M, Cao Y, El-Serag HB. Risk of hepatocellular cancer in HCV patients treated with direct-acting antiviral agents. Gastroenterology. 2017;153(4):996-1005.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.06.012.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"534_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29466","volume":"67","author":"C Estes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Estes C, Razavi H, Loomba R, Younossi Z, Sanyal AJ. Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in burden of disease. Hepatology. 2018;67(1):123\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.29466.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"534_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3252","volume":"47","author":"K Schulze","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schulze K, Imbeaud S, Letouz\u00e9 E, et al. Exome sequencing of hepatocellular carcinomas identifies new mutational signatures and potential therapeutic targets. Nat Genet. 2015;47(5):505\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.3252.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"534_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00245-6","volume":"7","author":"JM Llovet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Llovet JM, Kelley RK, Villanueva A, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2021;7(1):7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-021-00245-6.","journal-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma Nature Reviews Disease Primers"},{"issue":"19","key":"534_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i19.2279","volume":"25","author":"OO Ogunwobi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ogunwobi OO, Harricharran T, Huaman J, et al. Mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma progression. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(19):2279\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v25.i19.2279.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"534_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2016.03.006","volume":"599","author":"E Cremonini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cremonini E, Bettaieb A, Haj FG, Fraga CG, Oteiza PI. (-)-epicatechin improves insulin sensitivity in high fat diet-fed mice. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2016;599:13\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.abb.2016.03.006.","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"issue":"11","key":"534_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15112928","volume":"15","author":"A Mansur","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mansur A, Vrionis A, Charles JP, et al. The role of artificial intelligence in the detection and implementation of biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma: outlook and opportunities. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(11):2928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15112928.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"534_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2025.101485","volume":"55","author":"X Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu X, Yang Q, Pan L, et al. Burden of respiratory tract cancers in China and its provinces, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific. 2025;55:101485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2025.101485.","journal-title":"The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific"},{"key":"534_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pan F, Li J, Lou H, et al. Geographical and Socioeconomic Factors Influence the Birth Prevalence of Congenital Heart Disease: A Population-based Cross-sectional Study in Eastern China. Curr Probl Cardiol 2022; 47(11): 101341.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpcardiol. 2022.101341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"534_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31057","volume":"72","author":"JL Petrick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Petrick JL, Florio AA, Zhang X, et al. Associations between prediagnostic concentrations of circulating sex steroid hormones and liver cancer among postmenopausal women. Hepatology. 2020;72(2):535\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.31057.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"534_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21654","volume":"71","author":"RL Siegel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(1):7\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21654.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44197-026-00534-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-026-00534-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44197-026-00534-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T11:24:01Z","timestamp":1775561041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44197-026-00534-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["534"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44197-026-00534-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-6014"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-6014","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. via the GBD 2021 online repository (\n                      \n                      ).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"46"}}