{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:36:56Z","timestamp":1793144216979,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAABRON PRESS","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Hematol Int"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is novel immunotherapy targeting specifically cancerous cells, and has been shown to induce durable remissions in some\u00a0refractory hematological malignancies. However, CAR T-cell therapy has adverse effects, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS), immune effector-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), and acute kidney injury (AKI), among others. Not many studies have covered the repercussions of CAR T-cell therapy on the kidneys. In this review, we summarized the available evidence on the safety profile of CAR T-cell therapy in patients with pre-existing renal insufficiency\/AKI and in those who develop AKI as a result of CAR T-cell therapy. With a 30% incidence of AKI post-CAR T-cell, various pathophysiological mechanisms, such as CRS, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), TLS, serum cytokines, and inflammatory biomarkers, have been shown to play a role. However, CRS is commonly reported as an underlying mechanism. Overall, 18% of patients in our included studies developed AKI after receiving CAR T-cell therapy, and most cases were reversible with appropriate therapy. While phase-1 clinical trials exclude patients with significant renal toxicity, two studies (Mamlouk et al. and Hunter et al.) reported successful treatment of dialysis-dependent patients with refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and demonstrated that CAR T-cell therapy and lymphodepletion (Flu\/Cy) can be safely administered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44228-023-00037-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T10:11:46Z","timestamp":1680516706000},"page":"122-129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Safety of CAR-T Cell Therapy in Patients With Renal Failure\/Acute Kidney Injury: Focused Review"],"prefix":"10.46989","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2754-0763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israr","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nida","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Wolfson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kawthar","family":"Djebabria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ebad Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faiz","family":"Anwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"26435","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"26","key":"37_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707447","volume":"377","author":"SS Neelapu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Neelapu SS, Locke FL, Bartlett NL, et al. Axicabtagene ciloleucel CAR T-cell therapy in refractory large B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(26):2531\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1707447.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"37_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2013.72","volume":"49","author":"E Klyuchnikov","year":"2014","unstructured":"Klyuchnikov E, Bacher U, Kroll T, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for diffuse large B cell lymphoma: who, when and how? Bone Marrow Transplant. 2014;49(1):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/bmt.2013.72.","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"issue":"8","key":"37_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024850","volume":"384","author":"NC Munshi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Munshi NC, Anderson LD Jr, Shah N, et al. Idecabtagene vicleucel in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(8):705\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2024850.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"37_CR4","unstructured":"Axicabtagene Ciloleucel for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Economic Review Report. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; August 2019."},{"issue":"22","key":"37_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bulcan.2022.06.001","volume":"S0007-4551","author":"A Chacon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chacon A, et al. \u201cNouvelles AMMs\u202f: Ciltacabtagene autoleucel \u2013 patient atteint d\u2019un my\u00e9lome multiple en rechute ou r\u00e9fractaire apr\u00e8s au moins trois lignes de traitements\u201d [New drug approval: Ciltacabtagene autoleucel\u2014in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who received 3 or more lines of therapy]. Bull du Cancer. 2022;S0007-4551(22):00267\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bulcan.2022.06.001.","journal-title":"Bull du Cancer."},{"issue":"10","key":"37_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-019-02399-5","volume":"68","author":"A Feldmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feldmann A, Arndt C, Koristka S, Berndt N, Bergmann R, Bachmann MP. Conventional CARs versus modular CARs. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2019;68(10):1713\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00262-019-02399-5.","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"issue":"3","key":"37_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-020-01134-4","volume":"56","author":"VS Sheth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sheth VS, Gauthier J. Taming the beast: CRS and ICANS after CAR T-cell therapy for ALL. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2021;56(3):552\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41409-020-01134-4.","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"37_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302282","volume":"192","author":"TS Johnson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johnson TS, Terrell CE, Millen SH, Katz JD, Hildeman DA, Jordan MB. Etoposide selectively ablates activated T cells to control the immunoregulatory disorder hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. J Immunol. 2014;192(1):84\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1302282.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"37_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0041-7","volume":"24","author":"T Giavridis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Giavridis T, van der Stegen SJC, Eyquem J, Hamieh M, Piersigilli A, Sadelain M. CAR T cell-induced cytokine release syndrome is mediated by macrophages and abated by IL-1 blockade. Nat Med. 2018;24(6):731\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-018-0041-7.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"37_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2018883421","volume":"134","author":"CS Sauter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sauter CS, Senechal B, Rivi\u00e8re I, et al. CD19 CAR T cells following autologous transplantation in poor-risk relapsed and refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2019;134(7):626\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2018883421.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"25","key":"37_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.10.049","volume":"74","author":"S Ganatra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ganatra S, Carver JR, Hayek SS, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for cancer and heart: JACC council perspectives. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(25):3153\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.10.049.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"37_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.10.011","volume":"76","author":"S Gupta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gupta S, Seethapathy H, Strohbehn IA, et al. Acute kidney injury and electrolyte abnormalities after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020;76(1):63\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.10.011.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"37_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2020.02.012","volume":"26","author":"V Gutgarts","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gutgarts V, Jain T, Zheng J, et al. Acute kidney injury after CAR-T cell therapy: low incidence and rapid recovery. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2020;26(6):1071\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbmt.2020.02.012.","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"37_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-022-00266-1","volume":"11","author":"BD Hunter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hunter BD, Hoda D, Nguyen A, et al. (2022) Successful administration of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in patients requiring hemodialysis. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2022;11(1):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40164-022-00266-1.","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"18","key":"37_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020008759","volume":"137","author":"O Mamlouk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mamlouk O, Nair R, Iyer SP, et al. Safety of CAR T-cell therapy in kidney transplant recipients. Blood. 2021;137(18):2558\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2020008759.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"37_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-05-552729","volume":"124","author":"DW Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee DW, Gardner R, Porter DL, et al. Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of cytokine release syndrome. Blood. 2014;124(2):188\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2014-05-552729. ([Published correction appears in Blood 2015 Aug 20;126(8):1048. Dosage error in article text] [published correction appears in Blood. 2016 Sep 15;128(11):1533]).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"37_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.07.012","volume":"79","author":"T de Nattes","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Nattes T, Camus V, Fran\u00e7ois A, et al. Kidney transplant T cell-mediated rejection occurring after anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy for refractory aggressive burkitt-like lymphoma with 11q aberration: a case report. Am J Kidney Dis. 2022;79(5):760\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.07.012.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"18","key":"37_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1817226","volume":"380","author":"N Raje","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raje N, Berdeja J, Lin Y, et al. Anti-BCMA CAR T-cell therapy bb2121 in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(18):1726\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1817226.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"37_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e521","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(19)30115-2","volume":"6","author":"Z Yan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yan Z, Cao J, Cheng H, et al. A combination of humanised anti-CD19 and anti-BCMA CAR T cells in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: a single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2019;6(10):e521\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3026(19)30115-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"issue":"6295","key":"37_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf6756","volume":"353","author":"CT Ellebrecht","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ellebrecht CT, Bhoj VG, Nace A, et al. Reengineering chimeric antigen receptor T cells for targeted therapy of autoimmune disease. Science. 2016;353(6295):179\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaf6756.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"37_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001159","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001159","volume":"8","author":"H Shalabi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shalabi H, Sachdev V, Kulshreshtha A, et al. Impact of cytokine release syndrome on cardiac function following CD19 CAR-T cell therapy in children and young adults with hematological malignancies. J Immunother Cancer. 2020;8(2):e001159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2020-001159.","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"37_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-16-0040","volume":"6","author":"DT Teachey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Teachey DT, Lacey SF, Shaw PA, et al. Identification of predictive biomarkers for cytokine release syndrome after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Discov. 2016;6(6):664\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-16-0040.","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"issue":"8","key":"37_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2018050488","volume":"29","author":"MA Perazella","year":"2018","unstructured":"Perazella MA, Shirali AC. Nephrotoxicity of cancer immunotherapies: past, present and future. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29(8):2039\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2018050488.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"37_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.02.026","volume":"94","author":"K Durlacher-Betzer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Durlacher-Betzer K, Hassan A, Levi R, Axelrod J, Silver J, Naveh-Many T. Interleukin-6 contributes to the increase in fibroblast growth factor 23 expression in acute and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2018;94(2):315\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2018.02.026.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"37_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.11.029","volume":"92","author":"E Siddall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Siddall E, Khatri M, Radhakrishnan J. Capillary leak syndrome: etiologies, pathophysiology, and management. Kidney Int. 2017;92(1):37\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2016.11.029.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"37_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014111090","volume":"26","author":"L Malaga-Dieguez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Malaga-Dieguez L, Ming W, Trachtman H. Direct reversible kidney injury in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 3. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(8):1777\u201380.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"8","key":"37_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1103849","volume":"365","author":"DL Porter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Porter DL, Levine BL, Kalos M, Bagg A, June CH. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells in chronic lymphoid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(8):725\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1103849. (Published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2016 Mar 10;374(10):998).","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"37_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0904569","volume":"364","author":"SC Howard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Howard SC, Jones DP, Pui CH. The tumor lysis syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(19):1844\u201354.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"25","key":"37_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4129","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-08-519413","volume":"122","author":"JN Kochenderfer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kochenderfer JN, Dudley ME, Carpenter RO, et al. Donor-derived CD19-targeted T cells cause regression of malignancy persisting after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2013;122(25):4129\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2013-08-519413.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"37_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/00041552-200101000-00009","volume":"10","author":"C Van Kooten","year":"2001","unstructured":"Van Kooten C, Daha MR. Cytokine cross-talk between tubular epithelial cells and interstitial immunocompetent cells. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2001;10(1):55\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00041552-200101000-00009.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"issue":"6","key":"37_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1683","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00512.2017","volume":"315","author":"RD Wright","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wright RD, Beresford MW. Podocytes contribute, and respond, to the inflammatory environment in lupus nephritis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2018;315(6):F1683\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajprenal.00512.2017.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"37_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1704404","volume":"33","author":"R Nunes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nunes R, Passos-Coelho JL, Miranda N, Nave M, da Costa FL, Abecasis M. Reversible acute renal failure following single administration of fludarabine. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004;33(6):671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.bmt.1704404. (PMID: 14730341).","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"issue":"12","key":"37_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2022.09.009","volume":"28","author":"AC Wood","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wood AC, Perez AP, Arciola B, Patel K, Johnson G, DiMaggio E, Bachmeier CA, Reid K, Carallo S, Vargas MH, Faramand R, Chavez JC, Shah B, Gaballa S, Khimani F, Elmariah H, Nishihori T, Lazaryan A, Freeman C, Davila ML, Locke FL, Mhaskar R, Bassil C, Jain MD. Outcomes of CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy for patients with reduced renal function including dialysis. Transplant Cell Ther. 2022;28(12):829.e1-829.e8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtct.2022.09.009. (Epub 2022 Sep 26. PMID: 36174934; PMCID: PMC9791940).","journal-title":"Transplant Cell Ther."},{"issue":"7","key":"37_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021006418","volume":"6","author":"VA Fabrizio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fabrizio VA, Boelens JJ, Mauguen A, Baggott C, Prabhu S, Egeler E, Mavroukakis S, Pacenta H, Phillips CL, Rossoff J, Stefanski HE, Talano JA, Moskop A, Margossian SP, Verneris MR, Myers GD, Karras NA, Brown PA, Qayed M, Hermiston M, Satwani P, Krupski C, Keating AK, Wilcox R, Rabik CA, Chinnabhandar V, Kunicki M, Goksenin AY, Mackall CL, Laetsch TW, Schultz LM, Curran KJ. Optimal fludarabine lymphodepletion is associated with improved outcomes after CAR T-cell therapy. Blood Adv. 2022;6(7):1961\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021006418. (PMID:34788386; PMCID:PMC9006295).","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"37_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1081\/cnv-120005903","volume":"20","author":"SM Lichtman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lichtman SM, Etcubanas E, Budman DR, et al. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fludarabine phosphate in patients with renal impairment: a prospective dose adjustment study. Cancer Invest. 2002;20(7\u20138):904\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1081\/cnv-120005903.","journal-title":"Cancer Invest"},{"key":"37_CR36","first-page":"972","volume-title":"American hospital formulary service\u2014drug information","year":"2001","unstructured":"McEvoy GK, editor. American hospital formulary service\u2014drug information. Bethesda: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2001. p. 972\u20138."},{"key":"37_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(90)90358-K","volume":"89","author":"AF List","year":"1990","unstructured":"List AF, Kummet TD, Adams JD, et al. Tumorlysis syndrome complicating treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with fludarabine phosphate. Am J Med. 1990;89:388\u201390.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"37_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.48.2.181","volume":"48","author":"MP Macheta","year":"1995","unstructured":"Macheta MP, Parapia LA, Gouldesbrough DR. Renal failure in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treated with fludarabine. J Clin Pathol. 1995;48(2):181\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.48.2.181.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"37_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.ndt.a027155","volume":"11","author":"A Tisler","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tisler A, Pierratos A, Lipton JH. Crescentic glomerulonephritis associated with p-ANCA positivity in fludarabine-treated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996;11(11):2306\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.ndt.a027155.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"7","key":"37_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2014.02.013","volume":"20","author":"MN Bodge","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bodge MN, Reddy S, Thompson MS, Savani BN. Preparative regimen dosing for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with chronic kidney disease: analysis of the literature and recommendations. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2014;20(7):908\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbmt.2014.02.013. (Epub 2014 Feb 22 PMID: 24565993).","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"37_CR41","volume-title":"Renal pharmacotherapy: dosage adjustment of medications eliminated by the kidneys","year":"2013","unstructured":"Golightly L, Teitelbaum I, Kizer TH, et al editors. Renal pharmacotherapy: dosage adjustment of medications eliminated by the kidneys. New York: Springer; 2013."},{"key":"37_CR42","unstructured":"Aronoff GM, Bennett WM, Berns JS, et al. Drug Prescribing in Renal Failure: Dosing Guidelines for Adults and Children, 5th ed, American College of Physicians. 2007."},{"issue":"8","key":"37_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-2422","volume":"19","author":"RO Carpenter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carpenter RO, Evbuomwan MO, Pittaluga S, et al. B-cell maturation antigen is a promising target for adoptive T-cell therapy of multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(8):2048\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-2422.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"16","key":"37_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1407222","volume":"371","author":"SL Maude","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maude SL, Frey N, Shaw PA, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells for sustained remissions in leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(16):1507\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1407222. (Published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2016 Mar 10;374(10):998).","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"37_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2016.1.567","volume":"2016","author":"NV Frey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Frey NV, Porter DL. Cytokine release syndrome with novel therapeutics for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2016;2016(1):567\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/asheducation-2016.1.567.","journal-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"issue":"2","key":"37_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e124","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002053","volume":"45","author":"JC Fitzgerald","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fitzgerald JC, Weiss SL, Maude SL, et al. Cytokine release syndrome after chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(2):e124\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002053.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"37_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2021.03.011","volume":"3","author":"E Melilli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Melilli E, Mussetti A, Linares GS, et al. Acute kidney injury following chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for B-cell lymphoma in a kidney transplant recipient. Kidney Med. 2021;3(4):665\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xkme.2021.03.011.","journal-title":"Kidney Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"37_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2021.06.011","volume":"3","author":"R Acharya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Acharya R, Horn B, Zeng X, Upadhyay K. Collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and acute kidney injury associated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy: a case report. Kidney Med. 2021;3(6):1086\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xkme.2021.06.011.","journal-title":"Kidney Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"37_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.08.017","volume":"77","author":"MD Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee MD, Strohbehn IA, Seethapathy HS, et al. Acute kidney injury after the CAR-T therapy tisagenlecleucel. Am J Kidney Dis. 2021;77(6):990\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.08.017.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"37_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000952","volume":"4","author":"M Pennisi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pennisi M, Jain T, Santomasso BD, et al. Comparing CAR T-cell toxicity grading systems: application of the ASTCT grading system and implications for management. Blood Adv. 2020;4(4):676\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000952.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"37_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-130983","volume":"134","author":"S Jaglowski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jaglowski S, Hu Z-H, Zhang Y, et al. Tisagenlecleucel chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for adults with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): real world experience from the center for international blood & marrow transplant research (CIBMTR) cellular therapy (CT) registry. Blood. 2019;134:766.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"S1","key":"37_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25445","volume":"94","author":"AV Hirayama","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hirayama AV, Turtle CJ. Toxicities of CD19 CAR-T cell immunotherapy. Am J Hematol. 2019;94(S1):S42\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajh.25445.","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"37_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2016.03.005","volume":"434","author":"F Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen F, Teachey DT, Pequignot E, et al. Measuring IL-6 and sIL-6R in serum from patients treated with tocilizumab and\/or siltuximab following CAR T cell therapy. J Immunol Methods. 2016;434:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jim.2016.03.005.","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"issue":"26","key":"37_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-04-703751","volume":"127","author":"JN Brudno","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brudno JN, Kochenderfer JN. Toxicities of chimeric antigen receptor T cells: recognition and management. Blood. 2016;127(26):3321\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2016-04-703751.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"6","key":"37_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-017-4832-y","volume":"43","author":"M Joannidis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Joannidis M, Druml W, Forni LG, et al. Prevention of acute kidney injury and protection of renal function in the intensive care unit: update 2017: expert opinion of the Working Group on Prevention, AKI section, European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(6):730\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-017-4832-y.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"37_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9684909","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9684909","volume":"2017","author":"Y Belay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Belay Y, Yirdaw K, Enawgaw B. Tumor lysis syndrome in patients with hematological malignancies. J Oncol. 2017;2017:9684909.","journal-title":"J Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"37_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2017.148","volume":"15","author":"SS Neelapu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neelapu SS, Tummala S, Kebriaei P, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy\u2014assessment and management of toxicities. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018;15(1):47\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrclinonc.2017.148.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"37_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-020-0802-z","volume":"55","author":"Y Kakinoki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kakinoki Y, Ishio T, Kimura H, et al. Successful salvage treatment with antithymocyte globulin for patients with early-onset hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis refractory to steroid and etoposide therapy following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2020;55(7):1479\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41409-020-0802-z.","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"37_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key006","volume":"58","author":"SJ Carter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carter SJ, Tattersall RS, Ramanan AV. Macrophage activation syndrome in adults: recent advances in pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Rheumatology. 2019;58(1):5\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/key006.","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"37_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.05.018","volume":"97","author":"N Farooqui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Farooqui N, Sy-Go JPT, Miao J, et al. Incidence and risk factors for acute kidney injury after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2022;97(7):1294\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.05.018.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"}],"container-title":["Clinical Hematology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44228-023-00037-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44228-023-00037-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44228-023-00037-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T09:21:48Z","timestamp":1694424108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44228-023-00037-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["37"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44228-023-00037-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2590-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2590-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 December 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 April 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This manuscript has not been previously published and has not been submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration. The authors declare no conflict of interest with this manuscript. The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties. All authors approved the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}