{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T02:38:47Z","timestamp":1792550327632,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and The United Kingdom Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office","award":["OPP1212988\/INV-002969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1212988\/INV-002969"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Discov Agric"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Limited information regarding the spatial distribution of key agronomic and biotic traits in cassava morphological types constrains targeted breeding, conservation and crop improvement efforts in Sierra Leone. This study aimed to assess the distribution of key agronomic traits of cassava morphological types on 276 smallholder farms in Sierra Leone during January 2022. Traits studied included apical leaf color, leaf color, leaf vein color, number of lobes, number of whiteflies and grasshoppers, cassava mosaic disease (CMD) severity, farm size and age of plants. A field survey involving 276 cassava farms distributed across the five regions of Sierra Leone was conducted in January 2022. Agronomic, pest and disease data were collected from 30 randomly selected plants per farm following WAVE harmonized protocols. Geographic Information System (GIS)-based geospatial analyses were used to generate spatial distribution maps, while analysis of variance and Pearson correlation analyses were used to examine relationships among traits, pest abundance and disease severity. The majority of the cassava morphological types assessed exhibited green apical leaf (65.3%), light green leaf (64.3%), green leaf vein (55.6%), and prominent foliar scar (53.5%) with seven lobes (62.6%). Whitefly and grasshopper had higher populations of seven whiteflies per plant and 12 grasshoppers per plant in the western and eastern regions, respectively; whereas, a few farms in the southern region had no whiteflies. The CMD infection was mainly through contaminated cuttings (99.2%), with cutting-derived plants exhibiting moderate CMD severity. Mean CMD severity significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.05) varied with farm size, with high (4.29), medium (3.8) and low (2.94) CMD recorded in small (0\u20131\u00a0ha), medium (2\u20133\u00a0ha) and big (4\u20135\u00a0ha) farms, respectively. This study establishes the existence of useful phenotypic variability in the regional distribution of morphological traits that could be exploited for phenotypic selection for production, conservation, utilization, and\/ or genetic improvement of the crop. Findings serve as useful guide for genotypic selection for production, conservation, utilization, and genetic improvement of cassava using existing phenotypic diversity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44279-026-00798-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T13:08:30Z","timestamp":1792501710000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial distribution of phenotypic and biotic traits in cassava fields across Sierra Leone"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Vandi","family":"Amara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alusaine Edward","family":"Samura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prince Emmanuel","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seka John","family":"Steven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fidele","family":"Tiendrebeogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela Obiageli","family":"Eni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin S.","family":"Pita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"798_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.15744\/2639-3336.1.103","volume":"1","author":"AE Samura","year":"2018","unstructured":"Samura AE, Fomba SN, Conteh AR, Mansaray A, Norman JE, Dixon AGO. Screening and identifying farmers\u2019 preferred varieties for adaptability and resistance to cassava mosaic disease (CMD) in Sierra Leone. J. Plant Sci. Crop Prot. 2018;1(1):103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15744\/2639-3336.1.103.","journal-title":"Crop Prot"},{"issue":"2","key":"798_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-019-00740-x","volume":"26","author":"KY Karim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karim KY, Ifie B, Dzidzienyo D, Danquah EY, Blay ET, Whyte JBA, Kulakow P, Rabbi I, Parkes E, Omoigui L, Norman PE, Iluebbey P. Genetic characterization of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes using agro-morphological and single nucleotide polymorphism markers. 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The protocol was approved by Njala University Ethical Review Board in accordance with the informed consent, data accessibility and security, participation, collaboration and best practices. Accordingly, the ethical codes underpinning research with Indigenous peoples are linked to the Principle of Communality [\n                      \n                      ], where representatives and intercultural facilitators of each community were involved. This participation occurs after obtaining prior consent from their traditional authorities who sign a community social consent letter following a presentation of the research project including the researchers\u2019 commitments to present findings before publication. For the collection of individual data, the intercultural facilitator explained the objectives, purposes, and risks of the research to the participants in their own language. The participants then verbally agreed to voluntarily and consciously participate in the research process. Informed consent was duly obtained at various stages prior to, during, and following the interviews and all information was anonymized, particularly when sensitive statements were involved. Ethical considerations also encompassed careful data management and precautions to prevent any potential harm to participants or their organizations. Participation in the study was voluntary, and informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study, procedures involved, and their right to decline participation or withdraw at any stage without consequence","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All the authors have given their full consent for this article to be published.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"324"}}