{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T18:24:53Z","timestamp":1793125493824,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012681","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum K\u00f6ln","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Blood Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>COVID-19 remains a major threat to immunocompromised individuals. The determination of circulating SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patients at high risk for severe course of SARS-CoV-2 infection is important for estimating the vaccine-induced humoral immune response. Therefore, we assessed the status quo after winter to analyze the need for booster vaccinations.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Anti-spike IgG levels of 46 hospitalized patients with hematological and oncological diseases, measured between 21th December 2023 and 8th February 2024, were compared between subgroups of patients. Demographic data, underlying diseases, antineoplastic treatment, and the number of positive SARS-CoV-2 tests at the University Hospital Cologne were collected.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Patients with different diseases showed varying SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody levels. The highest levels were found in patients with diffuse large cell B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and acute leukemia who had not received specific treatment or had just initiated treatment, whereas the lowest levels were found in patients with DLBCL, acute leukemia, and multiple myeloma who had received at least one line of treatment. The geometric mean antibody titers were higher in female patients than in male patients and were highest in patients aged 41\u201350\u00a0years while lowest in those aged 61\u201370\u00a0years.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The data presented confirm broad variations in SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG levels across patients with different hematological and oncological diseases and highlight the complex interference of cancer biology, immune dysfunction, and treatment-related factors in shaping immune responses. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these variations in antibody levels. We emphasize the need for regular booster vaccinations in this patient group.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44313-025-00067-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T06:15:53Z","timestamp":1743401753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patients with hematological and oncological diseases in early 2024"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1425-7352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise M.","family":"Cremer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9152-2469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jannik","family":"Stemler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2457-6437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosanne","family":"Sprute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2138-5176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Markus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6766-8297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Salmanton-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3699-3318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lutz","family":"Gieselmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1604-8386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Di Cristanziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0725-7138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henning","family":"Gruell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9599-3137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver A.","family":"Cornely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3928-2503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sibylle C.","family":"Mellinghoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"67_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-022-00684-8","volume":"12","author":"V Piechotta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Piechotta V, Mellinghoff SC, Hirsch C, Brinkmann A, Iannizzi C, Kreuzberger N, et al. Effectiveness, immunogenicity, and safety of COVID-19 vaccines for individuals with hematological malignancies: a systematic review. Blood Cancer J. 2022;12(5):86.","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"67_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giesen N, Busch E, Schalk E, Beutel G, R\u00fcthrich MM, Hentrich M, et al. AGIHO guideline on evidence-based management of COVID-19 in cancer patients: 2022 update on vaccination, pharmacological prophylaxis and therapy in light of the omicron variants. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2023;181:102\u201318.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2022.11.030"},{"key":"67_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pagano L, Salmanton-Garc\u00eda J, Marchesi F, Blennow O, Gomes da Silva M, Glenth\u00f8j A, et al. Breakthrough COVID-19 in vaccinated patients with hematologic malignancies: results from the EPICOVIDEHA survey. Blood. 2022;140(26):2773\u201387.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022017257"},{"issue":"1","key":"67_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01177-0","volume":"14","author":"L Pagano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pagano L, Salmanton-Garc\u00eda J, Marchesi F, Busca A, Corradini P, Hoenigl M, et al. COVID-19 infection in adult patients with hematological malignancies: a European Hematology Association Survey (EPICOVIDEHA). J Hematol Oncol. 2021;14(1):168.","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"67_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02257","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02257-22","volume":"10","author":"HL Cheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng HL, Lim SM, Jia H, Chen MW, Ng SY, Gao X, et al. Rapid Evaluation of Vaccine Booster Effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Microbiology Spectrum. 2022;10(5):e02257-e2322.","journal-title":"Microbiology Spectrum"},{"issue":"1","key":"67_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45549-9","volume":"15","author":"HJ Park","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park HJ, Gonsalves GS, Tan ST, Kelly JD, Rutherford GW, Wachter RM, et al. Comparing frequency of booster vaccination to prevent severe COVID-19 by risk group in the United States. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):1883.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"67_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021014124","volume":"139","author":"L Pagano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pagano L, Salmanton-Garc\u00eda J, Marchesi F, L\u00f3pez-Garc\u00eda A, Lamure S, Itri F, et al. COVID-19 in vaccinated adult patients with hematological malignancies: preliminary results from EPICOVIDEHA. Blood. 2022;139(10):1588\u201392.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"24","key":"67_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2211314","volume":"387","author":"PB Gilbert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gilbert PB, Donis RO, Koup RA, Fong Y, Plotkin SA, Follmann D. A Covid-19 Milestone Attained - A Correlate of Protection for Vaccines. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(24):2203\u20136.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"67_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01432-4","volume":"27","author":"F Krammer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Krammer F. A correlate of protection for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is urgently needed. Nat Med. 2021;27(7):1147\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"67_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100646","volume":"30","author":"L Vikstr\u00f6m","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vikstr\u00f6m L, Fj\u00e4llstr\u00f6m P, Gwon YD, Sheward DJ, Wigren-Bystr\u00f6m J, Evander M, et al. Vaccine-induced correlate of protection against fatal COVID-19 in older and frail adults during waves of neutralization-resistant variants of concern: an observational study. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2023;30:100646.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"issue":"1","key":"67_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38127-y","volume":"14","author":"F Dewald","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dewald F, Pirkl M, Paluschinski M, K\u00fchn J, Elsner C, Schulte B, et al. Impaired humoral immunity to BQ.1.1 in convalescent and vaccinated patients. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):2835.","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"67_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2022.106700","volume":"115","author":"A Jensen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jensen A, Stromme M, Moyassari S, Chadha AS, Tartaglia MC, Szoeke C, et al. COVID-19 vaccines: Considering sex differences in efficacy and safety. Contemp Clin Trials. 2022;115:106700.","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"issue":"2","key":"67_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-018-0726-5","volume":"41","author":"S Fischinger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fischinger S, Boudreau CM, Butler AL, Streeck H, Alter G. Sex differences in vaccine-induced humoral immunity. Seminars in Immunopathology. 2019;41(2):239\u201349.","journal-title":"Seminars in Immunopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"67_CR14","first-page":"77","volume":"9","author":"Y Hou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hou Y, Chen M, Bian Y, Hu Y, Chuan J, Zhong L, et al. Insights into vaccines for elderly individuals: from the impacts of immunosenescence to delivery strategies. Vaccines. 2024;9(1):77.","journal-title":"Vaccines."},{"issue":"25","key":"67_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022017814","volume":"140","author":"Y Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen Y, Freeman JA, Holland J, Naidu K, Solterbeck A, Van Bilsen N, et al. Multiple COVID-19 vaccine doses in CLL and MBL improve immune responses with progressive and high seroconversion. Blood. 2022;140(25):2709\u201321.","journal-title":"Blood."},{"issue":"5","key":"67_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.14170","volume":"112","author":"SC Mellinghoff","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mellinghoff SC, Robrecht S, Sprute R, Mayer L, Weskamm LM, Dahlke C, et al. Hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Eur J Haematol. 2024;112(5):788\u201393.","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol."},{"key":"67_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cremer LM, Bethe U, Borchmann P, Di Cristanziano V, Gieselmann L, Grimm S et al. Immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccination in immunocompromised patients (Auto-COVID-VACC): Protocol for a multicenter prospective non-interventional study. JMIR Res Protoc (forthcoming). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/60675.","DOI":"10.2196\/60675"},{"key":"67_CR18","unstructured":"Koch J PV, Berner R, Bogdan C, Burchard G,, Heininger U HE, von Kries R, Ledig T,, Littmann M MJ, Mertens T, R\u00f6bl-Mathieu M,, van der Sande M SLE, Terhardt M, \u00dcberla K,, Vygen-Bonnet S WO, Wicker S, Wiedermann-, Schmidt U WG, Zepp F. Empfehlung der STIKO zur Implementierung der COVID-19-Impfung in die Empfehlungen der STIKO 2023 und die dazugeh\u00f6rige wissenschaftliche Begr\u00fcndung. Epid Bull. 2023(21:7\u201348)."},{"key":"67_CR19","unstructured":"Robert-Koch-Insititut. Digitales Impfquotenmonitoring zur COVID-19-Impfung 2024 Available from: https:\/\/www.rki.de\/DE\/Content\/InfAZ\/N\/Neuartiges_Coronavirus\/Daten\/Impfquotenmonitoring.xlsx?__blob=publicationFile."},{"key":"67_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00fcthrich MM, Giesen N, Mellinghoff SC, Rieger CT, von Lilienfeld-Toal M. Cellular Immune Response after Vaccination in Patients with Cancer-Review on Past and Present Experiences. Vaccines (Basel). 2022;10(2):182.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10020182"},{"issue":"2","key":"67_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01122-w","volume":"23","author":"P Moss","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moss P. The T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Nat Immunol. 2022;23(2):186\u201393.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"}],"container-title":["Blood Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44313-025-00067-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44313-025-00067-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44313-025-00067-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T06:16:34Z","timestamp":1743401794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44313-025-00067-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["67"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44313-025-00067-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2287-979X","2288-0011"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2287-979X","type":"print"},{"value":"2288-0011","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the University of Cologne (No. 24\u20131120-retro). The data were analyzed anonymously; therefore, our institutional review board waived the need for informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"SH, TM, LG and VDC declare no conflicts. LMC reports grants for a doctoral scholarship from the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) within the framework of the Auto-COVID-VACC study. JS has received research grants by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Noscendo and Basilea Pharmaceuticals; has received speaker honoraria by AbbVie, Hikma, Pfizer and Gilead; has been a consultant to Gilead, Alvea Vax and Micron Research outside the submitted work. RS reports grants from the German Center for infection Research, lecture and speaker honoraria from Akademie f\u00fcr Infektionsmedizin e.V., Hikma and Pfizer and travel support from the European Confederation of Medical Mycology, Page Medical and Pfizer; all outside of the submitted work. JSG reports participation on a Advisory board for Pfizer, not involved in the submitted work, and has received speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca, Gilead Sciences, Menarini and Pfizer, not involved in the submitted work. HG is an inventor on patent applications on SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies filed by the University of Cologne and has received payments from the University of Cologne for licensend patents. SCM reports grants from DZIF and has received speaker honoraria by Pfizer. OAC reports grants or contracts from BMBF, Cidara, DZIF, EU-DG RTD, F2G, Gilead, MedPace, MSD, Mundipharma, Octapharma, Pfizer, Scynexis; Consulting fees from Abbvie, AiCuris, Basilea, Biocon, Boston Strategic Partners, Cidara, Seqirus, Gilead, GSK, IQVIA, Janssen, Matinas, MedPace, Menarini, Molecular Partners, MSG-ERC, Mundipharma, Noxxon, Octapharma, Pardes, Partner Therapeutics, Pfizer, PSI, Scynexis, Seres, Shionogi, The Prime Meridian Group; Speaker and lecture honoraria from Abbott, Abbvie, Akademie f\u00fcr Infektionsmedizin, Al-Jazeera Pharmaceuticals\/Hikma, amedes, AstraZeneca, Deutscher \u00c4rzteverlag, Gilead, GSK, Grupo Biotoscana\/United Medical\/Knight, Ipsen Pharma, Medscape\/WebMD, MedUpdate, MSD, Moderna, Mundipharma, Noscendo, Paul-Martini-Stiftung, Pfizer, Sandoz, Seqirus, Shionogi, streamedup!, Touch Independent, Vitis; Payment for expert testimony Cidara; Participation on a DRC, DSMB, Advisory Board for Cidara, IQVIA, Janssen, MedPace, PSI, Pulmocide, Vedanta Biosciences.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19"}}