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Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peripheral image quality is of high relevance to myopia research, yet peripheral refraction is difficult to define due to aberrations affecting the depth-of-focus. This study investigated the peripheral image quality (\u00b125\u00b0 horizontal field) using three different image quality metrics, with added sphero-cylindrical wavefronts to find the best correction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nineteen adults (9 myopes, 10 emmetropes) and 33 children (5 myopes, 28 non-myopes) were measured using a dual-angle wavefront aberrometer as part of the Stockholm Myopia Study. The optical image quality was calculated from the wavefronts, for 10,000 different sphero-cylindrical corrections around the 2nd-order Zernike refraction, to find the best correction as well as the range of corrections with similar image quality (\u201cdepth-of-refraction\u201d).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, the peripheral best focus was not distinct, with a large depth-of-refraction. Emmetropes\/non-myopes had larger peripheral depth-of-refraction than myopes (mean values of 2.69 and 1.74\u2009D, respectively (Strehl ratio metric)). For some subjects, this span of corrections was of a multifocal character. The prevalence of multifocality depended on the image quality metric but was generally more common in emmetropes\/non-myopes than in myopes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The peripheral visual field does not always have a clear best focus and can show multifocal properties in some individuals, with different corrections yielding similar image quality. As emmetropes\/non-myopes had more multifocality and larger depth-of-refraction than myopes, this indicates that inherent peripheral optical properties can play a role in myopia development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44402-026-00023-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T14:01:08Z","timestamp":1772805668000},"page":"60-72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessing Peripheral Focus in Myopes and Non-myopes: Introducing \u201cDepth-of-refraction\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8837-3837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlie","family":"B\u00f6rjeson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0208-9972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shrilekha","family":"Vedhakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1715-0172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna-Caisa","family":"S\u00f6derberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5374-9152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Lindskoog Pettersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9172-858X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Unsbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4894-7944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Lundstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"23_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0445","volume":"46","author":"EL Smith III","year":"2005","unstructured":"Smith EL III, Kee C, Ramamirtham R, Qiao-Grider Y, Hung L-F. 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