{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:26:00Z","timestamp":1792099560021,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical visual disorders are associated with interocular suppression and scotomas of the central visual field. The goal of this study was to understand the ability of the peripheral retina to drive reflex vergence responses in the presence of refractive defocus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vergence responses to steps in horizontal disparity were recorded from functionally emmetropic adults (15\u201351 years of age) viewing grayscale outdoor natural images. Mean luminance central scotomas of 0\u00b0\u201325\u00b0 radius in 5\u00b0 steps were simulated in Experiment 1. In a second experiment, bilateral (1.50\u2009D and 3.00\u2009D) or unilateral (0, 0.75\u2009D, 1.50\u2009D, 2.25\u2009D and 3.00\u2009D) defocus, computed for each participant\u2019s pupil size, was simulated with scotoma radii of 0\u00b0, 5\u00b0, 8\u00b0 and 10\u00b0.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vergence responses to these disparity steps demonstrated a stereotypical tuning function in the absence of scotomas or defocus. In Experiment 1, bilateral scotoma radii of 10\u00b0 or more led to significant decreases in open-loop vergence response amplitude (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 for all). In Experiment 2, there were significant reductions in open-loop vergence responses resulting from unilateral (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) but not bilateral defocus (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.93). The effect of radius was significant, with no effect of bilateral versus unilateral scotoma format.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These data characterise the ability of the peripheral retina to maintain eye alignment for naturalistic images in the presence of central scotomas or suppression, and defocus. They suggest that vergence performance is reduced for natural images with bilateral and unilateral central scotomas, and indicate a need for refractive correction of anisometropia &gt;1.50\u2009D in order for the peripheral retina to support vergence function fully.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44402-026-00028-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T07:34:53Z","timestamp":1772782493000},"page":"3-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Limitations on Vergence Responses to Naturalistic Images Resulting From Simulated Central Scotomas and Defocused Peripheral Retina"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Bhagya L.","family":"Marella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonisha","family":"Neupane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Mestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Rowan","family":"Candy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"28_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(91)90176-d","volume":"113","author":"GK Hung","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hung GK, Semmlow JL, Sun L, Ciuffreda KJ. Vergence control of central and peripheral disparities. Exp Neurol. 1991;113:202\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-4886(91)90176-d.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"28_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0669","volume":"45","author":"N Tanimoto","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tanimoto N, Takagi M, Bando T, Abe H, Hasegawa S, Usui T, et al. Central and peripheral visual interactions in disparity-induced vergence eye movements: I. Spatial interaction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:1132\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.03-0669.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"28_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(83)90036-6","volume":"23","author":"EL Francis","year":"1983","unstructured":"Francis EL, Owens DA. The accuracy of binocular vergence for peripheral stimuli. Vision Res. 1983;23:13\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0042-6989(83)90036-6.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"28_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/s0042-6989(98)00160-6","volume":"39","author":"SB Stevenson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Stevenson SB, Reed PE, Yang J. The effect of target size and eccentricity on reflex disparity vergence. Vision Res. 1999;39:823\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0042-6989(98)00160-6.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"28_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1966.03850010445027","volume":"76","author":"E Ludvigh","year":"1966","unstructured":"Ludvigh E, Mckinnon P. Relative effectivity of foveal and parafoveal stimuli in eliciting fusion movements of small amplitude. Arch Ophthalmol. 1966;76:443\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"28_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050014","volume":"130","author":"IP Howard","year":"2000","unstructured":"Howard IP, Fang X, Allison RS, Zacher JE. Effects of stimulus size and eccentricity on horizontal and vertical vergence. Exp Brain Res. 2000;130:124\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002210050014.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"28_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-082114-035733","volume":"2","author":"R Rosenholtz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rosenholtz R. Capabilities and limitations of peripheral vision. Annu Rev Vis Sci. 2016;2:437\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-vision-082114-035733.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Vis Sci"},{"key":"28_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1939.00860030092008","volume":"21","author":"HM Burian","year":"1939","unstructured":"Burian HM. Fusional movements: role of peripheral retinal stimuli. Arch Ophthalmol. 1939;21:486\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.1939.00860030092008.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"28_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1951.01700010435009","volume":"45","author":"J Winkelman","year":"1951","unstructured":"Winkelman J. Peripheral fusion. AMA Arch Ophthalmol. 1951;45:425\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.1951.01700010435009.","journal-title":"AMA Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"28_CR10","first-page":"1731","volume":"26","author":"DK Boman","year":"1985","unstructured":"Boman DK, Kertesz AE. Fusional responses of strabismics to foveal and extrafoveal stimulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis. 1985;26:1731\u20139.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis"},{"key":"28_CR11","first-page":"600","volume":"21","author":"AE Kertesz","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kertesz AE, Hampton DR. Fusional response to extrafoveal stimulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1981;21:600\u20135.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"28_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680600693637","volume":"31","author":"M Eizenman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Eizenman M, Sapir-Pichhadze R, Westall CA, Wong AM, Lee H, Morad Y. Eye-movement responses to disparity vergence stimuli with artificial monocular scotomas. Curr Eye Res. 2006;31:471\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02713680600693637.","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"28_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000441","volume":"92","author":"D Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang D, Hertle RW, Zhu M, Tai Z, Hald E, Kauffman M. Effect of artificial scotomas on open-loop disparity vergence eye movements. Optom Vis Sci. 2015;92:107\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000441.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"28_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-100119-125555","volume":"7","author":"P Verghese","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verghese P, Vullings C, Shanidze N. Eye movements in macular degeneration. Annu Rev Vis Sci. 2021;7:773\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-vision-100119-125555.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Vis Sci"},{"key":"28_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2022.108113","volume":"201","author":"C Vullings","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vullings C, Lively Z, Verghese P. Saccades during visual search in macular degeneration. Vision Res. 2022;201:108113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2022.108113.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"28_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2022.108102","volume":"200","author":"NM Shanidze","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shanidze NM, Lively Z, Lee R, Verghese P. Saccadic contributions to smooth pursuit in macular degeneration. Vision Res. 2022;200:108102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2022.108102.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"28_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.0477","volume":"133","author":"JS Steinberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steinberg JS, Fitzke FW, Fimmers R, Fleckenstein M, Holz FG, Schmitz-Valckenberg S. Scotopic and photopic microperimetry in patients with reticular drusen and age-related macular degeneration. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015;133:690\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.0477.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"28_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20012","volume":"58","author":"RJ Babu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Babu RJ, Clavagnier S, Bobier WR, Thompson B, Hess RF. Regional extent of peripheral suppression in amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58:2329\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.16-20012.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"28_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1364\/josaa.1.000107","volume":"1","author":"DH Kelly","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kelly DH. Retinal inhomogeneity. I. Spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity. J Opt Soc Am A. 1984;1:107\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/josaa.1.000107.","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am A"},{"key":"28_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3601","DOI":"10.1016\/s0042-6989(98)00064-9","volume":"38","author":"L Marran","year":"1998","unstructured":"Marran L, Schor CM. Lens induced aniso-accommodation. Vision Res. 1998;38:3601\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0042-6989(98)00064-9.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"28_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.8.5","volume":"61","author":"PJ May","year":"2020","unstructured":"May PJ, Gamlin PD. Is primate lens accommodation unilaterally or bilaterally controlled?. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020;61:5 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.61.8.5.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"28_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1325.024","volume":"1039","author":"BM Sheliga","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sheliga BM, Chen KJ, Fitzgibbon EJ, Miles FA. Short-latency disparity vergence in humans: evidence for early spatial filtering. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1039:252\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1325.024.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"28_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.85.3.1129","volume":"85","author":"C Busettini","year":"2001","unstructured":"Busettini C, Fitzgibbon EJ, Miles FA. Short-latency disparity vergence in humans. J Neurophysiol. 2001;85:1129\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.2001.85.3.1129.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"28_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78636-0","volume":"11","author":"K Meier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meier K, Lundell DL, Seemiller ES, Giaschi D, Wilcox LM, Candy TR. The relationship between reflex eye realignment and the percept of single vision in young children. Sci Rep. 2021;11:375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-78636-0.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"28_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.04.020","volume":"46","author":"BM Sheliga","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sheliga BM, FitzGibbon EJ, Miles FA. Short-latency disparity vergence eye movements: a response to disparity energy. Vision Res. 2006;46:3723\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2006.04.020.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"28_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/38496","volume":"389","author":"GS Masson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Masson GS, Busettini C, Miles FA. Vergence eye movements in response to binocular disparity without depth perception. Nature. 1997;389:283\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/38496.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"28_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1068\/p261121","volume":"26","author":"LK Cormack","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cormack LK, Stevenson SB, Landers DD. Interactions of spatial frequency and unequal monocular contrasts in stereopsis. Perception. 1997;26:1121\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/p261121.","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"28_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(89)90095-3","volume":"29","author":"C Schor","year":"1989","unstructured":"Schor C, Heckmann T. Interocular differences in contrast and spatial frequency: effects on stereopsis and fusion. Vision Res. 1989;29:837\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0042-6989(89)90095-3.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"28_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(89)90114-4","volume":"29","author":"GE Legge","year":"1989","unstructured":"Legge GE, Gu YC. Stereopsis and contrast. Vision Res. 1989;29:989\u20131004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0042-6989(89)90114-4.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"28_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-20010101-09","volume":"38","author":"S Tomac","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tomac S, Birdal E. Effects of anisometropia on binocularity. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2001;38:27\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/0191-3913-20010101-09.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"28_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42156","volume":"7","author":"WJ Adams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adams WJ, Elder JH, Graf EW, Leyland J, Lugtigheid AJ, Muryy A. Corrigendum: The Southampton-York Natural Scenes (SYNS) dataset: statistics of surface attitude. Sci Rep. 2017;7:42156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep42156.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"28_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","volume":"10","author":"DH Brainard","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brainard DH. The Psychophysics Toolbox. Spat Vis. 1997;10:433\u20136.","journal-title":"Spat Vis"},{"key":"28_CR33","unstructured":"Jaskulski M, Thibos L, Bradley A, Kollbaum P. IRIS \u2013 Indiana Retinal Image Simulator. 2019. https:\/\/blogs.iu.edu\/corl\/iris. Accessed 3 Feb 2026."},{"key":"28_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001003","volume":"36","author":"A Bernstein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bernstein A, Sunness JS, Applegate CA, Tegins EO. Mapping the dense scotoma and its enlargement in Stargardt disease. Retina. 2016;36:1741\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001003.","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"28_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90208-9","volume":"34","author":"JL Semmlow","year":"1994","unstructured":"Semmlow JL, Hung GK, Horng JL, Ciuffreda KJ. Disparity vergence eye movements exhibit preprogrammed motor control. Vision Res. 1994;34:1335\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90208-9.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"28_CR36","first-page":"558","volume":"27","author":"JL Semmlow","year":"1986","unstructured":"Semmlow JL, Hung GK, Ciuffreda KJ. Quantitative assessment of disparity vergence components. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1986;27:558\u201364.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"28_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1993.tb00426.x","volume":"13","author":"JL Semmlow","year":"1993","unstructured":"Semmlow JL, Hung GK, Horng JL, Ciuffreda K. Initial control component in disparity vergence eye movements. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1993;13:48\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1993.tb00426.x.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"28_CR38","first-page":"1051","volume":"26","author":"DK Boman","year":"1985","unstructured":"Boman DK, Kertesz AE. Horizontal fusional responses to stimuli containing artificial scotomas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1985;26:1051\u20136.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"28_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1068\/p120161","volume":"12","author":"DR Hampton","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hampton DR, Kertesz AE. The extent of Panum\u2019s area and the human cortical magnification factor. Perception. 1983;12:161\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/p120161.","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"28_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(66)90052-6","volume":"6","author":"DE Mitchell","year":"1966","unstructured":"Mitchell DE. Retinal disparity and diplopia. Vision Res. 1966;6:441\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0042-6989(66)90052-6.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"28_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/713826374","volume":"8","author":"D Palmer","year":"1961","unstructured":"Palmer D. Measurement of the horizontal extent of Panum\u2019s area by a method of constant stimuli. Opt Acta Int J Opt. 1961;8:151\u20139.","journal-title":"Opt Acta Int J Opt"},{"key":"28_CR42","first-page":"60","volume":"19","author":"RV Kenyon","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kenyon RV, Ciuffreda KJ, Stark L. Dynamic vergence eye movements in strabismus and amblyopia: symmetric vergence. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1980;19:60\u201374.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"28_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.65.3.167","volume":"65","author":"RV Kenyon","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kenyon RV, Ciuffreda KJ, Stark L. Dynamic vergence eye movements in strabismus and amblyopia: asymmetric vergence. Br J Ophthalmol. 1981;65:167\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.65.3.167.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"28_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00073-n","volume":"35","author":"M Takagi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Takagi M, Frohman EM, Zee DS. Gap-overlap effects on latencies of saccades, vergence and combined vergence-saccades in humans. Vision Res. 1995;35:3373\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00073-n.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"28_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00585.2009","volume":"104","author":"TB Czuba","year":"2010","unstructured":"Czuba TB, Rokers B, Huk AC, Cormack LK. Speed and eccentricity tuning reveal a central role for the velocity-based cue to 3D visual motion. J Neurophysiol. 2010;104:2886\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00585.2009.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00028-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00028-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00028-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T13:59:27Z","timestamp":1774619967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00028-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["28"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00028-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 December 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all the participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}