{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:26:07Z","timestamp":1792783567487,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3502503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3502503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007835","name":"Wenzhou Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KYYW202226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYYW202226"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007835","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Province Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LQ23H120003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ23H120003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s44402-026-00039-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T07:34:54Z","timestamp":1772782494000},"page":"347-354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Real-World Efficacy of Spectacle Lenses with Highly Aspherical Lenslets in Slowing Myopia Progression\u2014A Retrospective, Propensity-Matched Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Chenyao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaifeng","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huayu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhua","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"39_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","volume":"123","author":"BA Holden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P, et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:1036\u201342.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"39_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15737","volume":"56","author":"K Guo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guo K, Yang DY, Wang Y, Yang XR, Jing XX, Guo YY, et al. Prevalence of myopia in schoolchildren in Ejina: the Gobi Desert Children Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56:1769\u201374.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"39_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0120764","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120764","volume":"10","author":"LJ Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu LJ, You QS, Duan JL, Luo YX, Liu LJ, Li X, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of myopia in high-school students in Beijing. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0120764.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"39_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.6239","volume":"139","author":"J Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang J, Li Y, Musch DC, Wei N, Qi X, Ding G, et al. Progression of myopia in school-aged children after COVID-19 home confinement. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021;139:293\u2013300.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"39_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.04.001","volume":"128","author":"L Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu L, Ma Y, Yuan J, Zhang Y, Wang H, Zhang G, et al. COVID-19 quarantine reveals that behavioral changes have an effect on myopia progression. Ophthalmology. 2021;128:1652\u20134.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"39_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-316234","volume":"106","author":"JR Polling","year":"2022","unstructured":"Polling JR, Klaver C, Tideman JW. Myopia progression from wearing first glasses to adult age: the DREAM Study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2022;106:820\u20134.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"39_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49","volume":"61","author":"AEG Haarman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haarman AEG, Enthoven CA, Tideman JWL, Tedja MS, Verhoeven VJM, Klaver CCW. The complications of myopia: a review and meta-analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020;61:49.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"39_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.05.029","volume":"126","author":"JC Yam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yam JC, Jiang Y, Tang SM, Law AKP, Chan JJ, Wong E, et al. Low-concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression (LAMP) study: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of 0.05%, 0.025%, and 0.01% atropine eye drops in myopia control. Ophthalmology. 2019;126:113\u201324.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"39_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.11.026","volume":"126","author":"DK VanderVeen","year":"2019","unstructured":"VanderVeen DK, Kraker RT, Pineles SL, Hutchinson AK, Wilson LB, Galvin JA, et al. Use of orthokeratology for the prevention of myopic progression in children: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2019;126:623\u201336.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"39_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001873","volume":"99","author":"P Chamberlain","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chamberlain P, Bradley A, Arumugam B, Hammond D, McNally J, Logan NS, et al. Long-term effect of dual-focus contact lenses on myopia progression in children: a 6-year multicenter clinical trial. Optom Vis Sci. 2022;99:204\u201312.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"39_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.0401","volume":"140","author":"J Bao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bao J, Huang Y, Li X, Yang A, Zhou F, Wu J, et al. Spectacle lenses with aspherical lenslets for myopia control vs single-vision spectacle lenses: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022;140:472\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"39_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313739","volume":"104","author":"CSY Lam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lam CSY, Tang WC, Tse DY, Lee RPK, Chun RKM, Hasegawa K, et al. Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses slow myopia progression: a 2-year randomised clinical trial. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104:363\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"39_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13098","volume":"43","author":"J Gantes-Nu\u00f1ez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gantes-Nu\u00f1ez J, Jaskulski M, L\u00f3pez-Gil N, Kollbaum PS. Optical characterisation of two novel myopia control spectacle lenses. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2023;43:388\u2013401.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"39_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2023.01.007","volume":"130","author":"J Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu J, Lu Y, Huang D, Yang J, Fan C, Chen C, et al. The efficacy of defocus incorporated multiple segments lenses in slowing myopia progression: results from diverse clinical circumstances. Ophthalmology. 2023;130:542\u201350.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"39_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.08.019","volume":"257","author":"C Yuval","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuval C, Otzem C, Laura BS, Shirel R, Dana GN, Atalia W, et al. Evaluating the effect of a myopia control spectacle lens among children in Israel: 12-month results. Am J Ophthalmol. 2024;257:103\u201312.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"39_CR16","first-page":"1079","volume":"46","author":"F Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun F, Zhang M, Zhao HY, Yang ZR, Zhu JL, Li J, et al. [Reassessing the scope of real-world data applications and the value of real-world evidence]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2025;46:1079\u201384.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"39_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.01.084","volume":"142","author":"YF Choong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Choong YF, Chen AH, Goh PP. A comparison of autorefraction and subjective refraction with and without cycloplegia in primary school children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142:68\u201374.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"39_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OPX.0000159370.66540.34","volume":"82","author":"F Thorn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thorn F, Gwiazda J, Held R. Myopia progression is specified by a double exponential growth function. Optom Vis Sci. 2005;82:286\u201397.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"39_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The COMET Group. Myopia stabilization and associated factors among participants in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:7871\u201384.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12403"},{"key":"39_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e950","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15038","volume":"100","author":"Z Qin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qin Z, Peng T, Zhang Z, Lou J, Wang C, Deng R, et al. Myopia progression and stabilization in school-aged children with single-vision lenses. Acta Ophthalmol. 2022;100:e950\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"39_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.13480","volume":"314","author":"JS Haukoos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haukoos JS, Lewis RJ. The propensity score. JAMA. 2015;314:1637\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"39_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.7.977","volume":"123","author":"L Hyman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hyman L, Gwiazda J, Hussein M, Norton TT, Wang Y, Marsh-Tootle W, et al. Relationship of age, sex, and ethnicity with myopia progression and axial elongation in the correction of myopia evaluation trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:977\u201387.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"39_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.10.36","volume":"62","author":"LA Jones-Jordan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jones-Jordan LA, Sinnott LT, Chu RH, Cotter SA, Kleinstein RN, Manny RE, et al. Myopia progression as a function of sex, age, and ethnicity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021;62:36.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"39_CR24","first-page":"1171","volume":"106","author":"J Bao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bao J, Yang A, Huang Y, Li X, Pan Y, Ding C, et al. One-year myopia control efficacy of spectacle lenses with aspherical lenslets. Br J Ophthalmol. 2022;106:1171\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"39_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.10834","volume":"324","author":"JJ Walline","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walline JJ, Walker MK, Mutti DO, Jones-Jordan LA, Sinnott LT, Giannoni AG, et al. Effect of high add power, medium add power, or single-vision contact lenses on myopia progression in children: the BLINK randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;324:571\u201380.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"39_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24862","volume":"60","author":"Y Hu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hu Y, Ding X, Long W, He M, Yang X. Longitudinal changes in spherical equivalent refractive error among children with preschool myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60:154\u201360.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"39_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.10.006","volume":"42","author":"SW Cheung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheung SW, Boost MV, Cho P. Pre-treatment observation of axial elongation for evidence-based selection of children in Hong Kong for myopia control. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2019;42:392\u20138.","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"39_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7077","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10565","volume":"53","author":"P Cho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cho P, Cheung SW. Retardation of myopia in Orthokeratology (ROMIO) study: a 2-year randomized clinical trial. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:7077\u201385.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"39_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.1.8","volume":"63","author":"SM Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li SM, Wei S, Atchison DA, Kang MT, Liu L, Li H, et al. Annual incidences and progressions of myopia and high myopia in Chinese schoolchildren based on a 5-year cohort study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2022;63:8.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"39_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.03.030","volume":"253","author":"X Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li X, Huang Y, Yin Z, Liu C, Zhang S, Yang A, et al. Myopia control efficacy of spectacle lenses with aspherical lenslets: results of a 3-year follow-up study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2023;253:160\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"39_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319568","volume":"107","author":"A Ducloux","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ducloux A, Marillet S, Ingrand P, Bullimore MA, Bourne RRA, Leveziel N. Progression of myopia in teenagers and adults: a nationwide longitudinal study of a prevalent cohort. Br J Ophthalmol. 2023;107:644\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"39_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001367","volume":"96","author":"MA Bullimore","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bullimore MA, Brennan NA. Myopia control: Why each diopter matters. Optom Vis Sci. 2019;96:463\u20135.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"39_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-025-00427-3","volume":"12","author":"X Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li X, Huang Y, Liu C, Chang X, Cui Z, Yang Q, et al. Myopia control efficacy of spectacle lenses with highly aspherical lenslets: results of a 5-year follow-up study. Eye Vis. 2025;12:10.","journal-title":"Eye Vis"},{"key":"39_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311594","volume":"102","author":"H Hashemi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hashemi H, Khabazkhoob M, Asharlous A, Yekta A, Emamian MH, Fotouhi A. Overestimation of hyperopia with autorefraction compared with retinoscopy under cycloplegia in school-age children. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102:1717\u201322.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"39_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.02.027","volume":"129","author":"X Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo X, Shakarchi AF, Block SS, Friedman DS, Repka MX, Collins ME. Noncycloplegic compared with cycloplegic refraction in a Chicago school-aged population. Ophthalmology. 2022;129:813\u201320.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"39_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Manoharan MK, Tivari UP, Reddy JC, Verkicharla PK. Myopia progression in young adults: insights from real-world clinical data. Clin Exp Optom. 2025;108:873\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08164622.2025.2475200.","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2025.2475200"},{"key":"39_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000002228","volume":"102","author":"B Lal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lal B, Joseph J, Cantrell A, Cheng H, Ostrin LA. Myopia in Houston optometry graduates from 2013 to 2023. Optom Vis Sci. 2025;102:289\u201398.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"39_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.13.33","volume":"66","author":"W Cai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cai W, Hu Y, Chen X, Morgan IG, He M, Ding X. Acceleration of myopic shifts in refraction and axial elongation begins in the premyopia stage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2025;66:33.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00039-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00039-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00039-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T13:02:09Z","timestamp":1781787729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00039-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["39"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00039-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}