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Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the short-term effects of different light intensities on choroidal thickness and determine if these responses vary with time of day and refractive error.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty young adults (10 myopes, 10 emmetropes; mean age 29\u2009\u00b1\u20094 years; mean left-eye spherical equivalent \u22122.53\u2009\u00b1\u20091.84 and \u22120.12\u2009\u00b1\u20090.20\u2009D, respectively, were exposed to three lighting conditions: bright light (2000\u2009lx), normal room light (350\u2009lx) and darkness (&lt;0.1\u2009lx) for 60\u2009min in a randomised order on 6 separate days, in the morning (09:00\u201311:00\u2009h) and evening (17:00\u201319:00\u2009h), with at least 24\u2009h between visits and all sessions completed within a 1-month period. Choroidal thickness of the left eye was measured at baseline, during 60\u2009min of light exposure and 30\u2009min post-exposure, to assess recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Exposure to 2000 and &lt;0.1\u2009lx induced significant subfoveal choroidal thickening during the exposure period, peaking at 60\u2009min (bright: +16\u2009\u00b1\u20094\u2009\u03bcm; dark: +13\u2009\u00b1\u20096\u2009\u03bcm; both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), with values returning to baseline after 30\u2009min of recovery. No significant changes occurred under 350\u2009lx (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.17). The greatest thickening was at the fovea (+16\u2009\u00b1\u20095\u2009\u03bcm bright; +13\u2009\u00b1\u20096\u2009\u03bcm dark) and parafovea (+13\u2009\u00b1\u20097\u2009\u03bcm bright; +9\u2009\u00b1\u20096\u2009\u03bcm dark), with smaller perifoveal changes. Bright light induced greater thickening in the evening than in the morning (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004), while darkness showed no time-of-day effect (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.69). No significant refractive group differences were found (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.90).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hour of bright light or darkness caused transient choroidal thickening in young adults. Changes were most prominent in the foveal region, and bright light produced stronger evening responses. These findings demonstrate that short-term choroidal thickness is dynamically modulated by both light intensity and time of day.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44402-026-00063-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T16:17:59Z","timestamp":1774455479000},"page":"616-625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effect of Light Intensity and the Timing of Light Exposure on Choroidal Thickness"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4678-6582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azam","family":"Darvishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1595-673X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott A.","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5998-1320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7754-6592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Alonso-Caneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"63_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002","volume":"29","author":"DL Nickla","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nickla DL, Wallman J. 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