{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T15:14:34Z","timestamp":1783696474997,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s44402-026-00085-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T11:49:47Z","timestamp":1777290587000},"page":"441-448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic Validity of Accommodative Tests for Screening Suspected Accommodative Excess in Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7667-1201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"M\u00e1rmol-Errasti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3093-1688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"C\u00e1rdenas-Rebollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7674-3335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Rod\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2110-678X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catalina","family":"Palomo-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"85_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.14479\/jkoos.2014.19.2.253","volume":"19","author":"M Park","year":"2014","unstructured":"Park M, Ahn YJ, Kim SJ, You J, Park KE, Kim SR. Changes in accommodative function of young adults in their twenties following smartphone use. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 2014;19:253\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14479\/jkoos.2014.19.2.253.","journal-title":"J Korean Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"85_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05772-w","volume":"260","author":"E M\u00e1rmol-Errasti","year":"2022","unstructured":"M\u00e1rmol-Errasti E, C\u00e1rdenas-Rebollo JM, Rod\u00e1n A, Pag\u00e1n-Fern\u00e1ndez E, Jara-Garc\u00eda LC, Palomo-\u00c1lvarez C. Measures of accommodative function in secondary school year 9 and year 13: a 4-year longitudinal study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022;260:3985\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-022-05772-w.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"85_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.47836\/mjmhs19.3.42","volume":"19","author":"T Chellapan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chellapan T, Daud NM, Narayanasamy S. Smartphone use on accommodation and vergence parameters: a systematic review. MJMHS. 2023;19:325\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47836\/mjmhs19.3.42.","journal-title":"MJMHS"},{"key":"85_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2956_20","volume":"69","author":"C Padavettan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Padavettan C, Nishanth S, Madhivanan N, Madhivanan N. Changes in vergence and accommodation parameters after smartphone use in healthy adults. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69:1487\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2956_20.","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"85_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.22599\/bioj.295","volume":"19","author":"A Kaliugavaradhan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaliugavaradhan A, Ramamurthy D. Accommodative facility and response time before and after computer task of varying durations in young adults. Br Ir Orthopt J. 2023;19:85\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22599\/bioj.295.","journal-title":"Br Ir Orthopt J"},{"key":"85_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0266068","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266068","volume":"17","author":"U Maharjan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maharjan U, Rijal S, Jnawali A, Sitaula S, Bhattarai S, Shrestha GB. Binocular vision findings in normally-sighted school aged children who used digital devices. PLoS One. 2022;17:e0266068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0266068.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"85_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.3390\/life12111837","volume":"12","author":"C De-Hita-Cantalejo","year":"2022","unstructured":"De-Hita-Cantalejo C, Ben\u00edtez-Rodr\u00edguez M, S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez MC, Bautista-Llamas M, S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez J. Accommodation response variations in university students under high demand for near-vision activity. Life. 2022;12:1837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12111837.","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"85_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12851","volume":"102","author":"S Jaiswal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jaiswal S, Asper L, Long J, Lee A, Harrison K, Golebiowski B. Ocular and visual discomfort associated with smartphones, tablets and computers: what we do and do not know. Clin Exp Optom. 2019;102:463\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cxo.12851.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"85_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2022.2140583","volume":"106","author":"N Ampolu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ampolu N, Yarravarapu D, Satgunam P, Varadharajan LS, Bharadwaj SR. Impact of induced pseudomyopia and refractive fluctuations of accommodative spasm on visual acuity. Clin Exp Optom. 2022;106:876\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08164622.2022.2140583.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"85_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S1888-4296(10)70028-5","volume":"3","author":"P Cacho-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cacho-Mart\u00ednez P, Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz \u00c1, Ruiz-Cantero MT. Do we really know the prevalence of accomodative and nonstrabismic binocular dysfunctions?. J Optom. 2010;3:185\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1888-4296(10)70028-5.","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"85_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12376","volume":"99","author":"\u00c1 Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz \u00c1, Carbonell-Bonete S, Cant\u00f3-Cerd\u00e1n M, Cacho-Mart\u00ednez P. Accommodative and binocular dysfunctions: prevalence in a randomised sample of university students. Clin Exp Optom. 2016;99:313\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cxo.12376.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"85_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/aveh.v75i1.343","volume":"75","author":"C Darko-Takyi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Darko-Takyi C, Khan NE, Nirghini U. Symptomatic accommodative disorders and asthenopia: prevalence and association in Ghanaian children. AVEH. 2016;75:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/aveh.v75i1.343.","journal-title":"AVEH"},{"key":"85_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2021.10.002","volume":"15","author":"S Franco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Franco S, Moreira A, Fernandes A, Baptista A. Accommodative and binocular vision dysfunctions in a Portuguese clinical population. J Optom. 2022;15:271\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optom.2021.10.002.","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"85_CR14","first-page":"158164","volume":"3","author":"SM Paniccia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paniccia SM, Romero Ayala A. Prevalence of accommodative and non-strabismic binocular anomalies in a Puerto Rican pediatric population. Optom Vis Perform. 2015;3:158164.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Perform"},{"key":"85_CR15","unstructured":"Carbonell S. Prevalencia y sintomatolog\u00eda de las disfunciones acomodativas y binoculares en la poblaci\u00f3n universitaria. Dissertation, University of Alicante; 2014. https:\/\/rua.ua.es\/entities\/publication\/a27862a5-7cfb-41f2-a043-e1d6e44309bb. Accessed: 22 April 2026."},{"key":"85_CR16","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda Montero M. Caracterizaci\u00f3n cl\u00ednica de la poblaci\u00f3n con disfunci\u00f3n acomodativa sintom\u00e1tica: insuficiencia y exceso de acomodaci\u00f3n. Dissertation, Complutense University of Madrid; 2017. https:\/\/docta.ucm.es\/entities\/publication\/089ab30d-a6d9-4f73-aea1-947aab8e2e93. Accessed: 22 April 2026."},{"key":"85_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.19052\/sv.3840","volume":"14","author":"AL \u00c1lvarez","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez AL, Mu\u00f1oz SMM, M\u00e1rquez MM, N\u00fa\u00f1ez SM. Disfunciones no estr\u00e1bicas de la visi\u00f3n binocular entre los 5 y los 19 a\u00f1os. Cienc Tecnol Salud Vis Ocul. 2016;14:13\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19052\/sv.3840.","journal-title":"Cienc Tecnol Salud Vis Ocul"},{"key":"85_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199606000-00005","volume":"73","author":"M Rosenfield","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rosenfield M, Portello JK, Blustein GH, Jang C. Comparison of clinical techniques to assess the near accommodative response. Optom Vis Sci. 1996;73:382\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006324-199606000-00005.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"85_CR19","unstructured":"Antona B. Fiabilidad intraexaminador y concordancia de pruebas cl\u00ednicas de evaluaci\u00f3n de la visi\u00f3n binocular. Dissertation, Complutense University of Madrid; 2008. https:\/\/docta.ucm.es\/entities\/publication\/9917a8ce-fe9b-40c6-91c1-dfa3591d3cf2. Accessed: 22 April 2026."},{"key":"85_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2001.00540.x","volume":"21","author":"LacarcelF Lara","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lara LacarcelF, Cacho-Mart\u00ednez P, Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz \u00c1, Meg\u00edas R. General binocular disorders: prevalence in a clinic population. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2001;21:70\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2001.00540.x.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"85_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cacho-Mart\u00ednez P, Cant\u00f3-Cerd\u00e1n M, Carbonell-Bonete S, Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz \u00c1. Characterization of visual symptomatology associated with refractive, accommodative and binocular anomalies. J Ophthalmol. 2015;895803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/895803","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/895803"},{"key":"85_CR22","unstructured":"Scheiman M, Wick B. Clinical management of binocular vision: heterophoric, accommodative and eye movement disorders. 3rd edn. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008."},{"key":"85_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2005.00598.x","volume":"12","author":"A Linden","year":"2006","unstructured":"Linden A. Measuring diagnostic and predictive accuracy in disease management: an introduction to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. J Eval Clin Pract. 2006;12:132\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2005.00598.x.","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"85_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Swift A, Heale R, Twycross A. What are sensitivity and specificity?. Evidence-Based Nursing. 2020;23:2\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ebnurs-2019-103225.","DOI":"10.1136\/ebnurs-2019-103225"},{"key":"85_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12977","volume":"127","author":"A Raffone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raffone A, Travaglino A, Saccone G, Cieri M, Mascolo M, Mollo A, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of ARID1A in endometrial hyperplasia: a novel marker of occult cancer. APMIS. 2019;127:597\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apm.12977.","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"85_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu CH, Marusic S, Haensel JX, Oke I, Slinger KE, Vyas N, et al. Post-concussion clinical findings of oculomotor function in paediatric patients with persisting symptoms compared to healthy controls. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2025;45:1597\u2013607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.70010.","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.70010"},{"key":"85_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198703000-00005","volume":"64","author":"KM Mckenzie","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mckenzie KM, Kerr SR, Rouse MW, Deland PN. Study of accommodative facility testing reliability. Optom Vis Sci. 1987;64:186\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006324-198703000-00005.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"85_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198902000-00002","volume":"66","author":"MW Rouse","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rouse MW, De LandPN, Chous R, Determan TF. Monocular accommodative facility testing reliability. Optom Vis Sci. 1989;66:72\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006324-198902000-00002.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"85_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200209000-00013","volume":"79","author":"P Cacho","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cacho P, Garc\u00eda A, Lara F, Segui MM. Diagnostic signs of accommodative insufficiency. Optom Vis Sci. 2002;79:614\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006324-200209000-00013.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"85_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2000.00478.x","volume":"20","author":"\u00c1 Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz \u00c1, Cacho-Mart\u00ednez P, Lara Lacarcel F, Meg\u00edas R. The relation between accommodative facility and general binocular dysfunction. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2000;20:98\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2000.00478.x.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"85_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/2576117X.2024.2347663","volume":"74","author":"M Saikia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saikia M, Pant K, Dutta J. Diagnostic protocol for accommodative and vergence anomalies\u2014a review. J Binocul Vis Ocul Motil. 2024;74:48\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2576117X.2024.2347663.","journal-title":"J Binocul Vis Ocul Motil"},{"key":"85_CR32","unstructured":"Mont\u00e9s-Mic\u00f3 R, Diego CA, Fern\u00e1ndez JA, Mart\u00ednez PC. Optometr\u00eda: principios b\u00e1sicos y aplicaci\u00f3n cl\u00ednica. Barcelona: Elsevier; 2011."},{"key":"85_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200212000-00010","volume":"79","author":"A Garc\u00eda","year":"2002","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda A, Cacho P, Lara F. Evaluating relative accommodations in general binocular dysfunctions. Optom Vis Sci. 2002;79:779\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006324-200212000-00010.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"85_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199909000-00023","volume":"76","author":"P Cacho Marti\u0301nez","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cacho Marti\u0301nez P, Garci\u0301a Mun\u0303oz A, Garci\u0301a Bernabeu JR, Lo\u0301pez Navarro A. Comparison between MEM and Nott dynamic retinoscopy. Optom Vis Sci. 1998;76:650\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006324-199909000-00023.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"85_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2013.01.004","volume":"7","author":"P Cacho-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cacho-Mart\u00ednez P, Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz \u00c1, Ruiz-Cantero MT. Is there any evidence for the validity of diagnostic criteria used for accommodative and nonstrabismic binocular dysfunctions?. J Optom. 2014;7:2\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optom.2013.01.004.","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"85_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2004.00201.x","volume":"24","author":"B Sterner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sterner B, Gellerstedt M, Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m A. The amplitude of accommodation in 6\u201310-year-old children\u2014not as good as expected!. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2004;24:246\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2004.00201.x.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"85_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S224216","volume":"12","author":"JR Hussaindeen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hussaindeen JR, Murali A. Accommodative insufficiency: prevalence, impact and treatment options. Clin Optom. 2020;12:135\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OPTO.S224216.","journal-title":"Clin Optom"},{"key":"85_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12550","volume":"101","author":"H Hashemi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hashemi H, Nabovati P, Khabazkhoob M, Yekta A, Emamian MH, Fotouhi A. Does Hofstetter\u2019s equation predict the real amplitude of accommodation in children?. Clin Exp Optom. 2018;101:123\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cxo.12550.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"85_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12520","volume":"101","author":"GO Ovenseri-Ogbomo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ovenseri-Ogbomo GO, Oduntan OA. Comparison of measured with calculated amplitude of accommodation in Nigerian children aged six to 16 years. Clin Exp Optom. 2018;101:571\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cxo.12520.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"85_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2011.00692.x","volume":"95","author":"GO Ovenseri-Ogbomo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ovenseri-Ogbomo GO, Kudjawu EP, Kio FE, Abu EK. Investigation of amplitude of accommodation among Ghanaian school children. Clin Exp Optom. 2012;95:187\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2011.00692.x.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"85_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2003.00093.x","volume":"23","author":"R Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez R, Gonz\u00e1lez MD, P\u00e9rez MA, Garc\u00eda JA. Evolution of accommodative function and development of ocular movements in children. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2003;23:97\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2003.00093.x.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00085-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00085-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00085-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T14:35:47Z","timestamp":1783694147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00085-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["85"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00085-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all study participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Publish Declaration"}}]}}