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Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence of refractive errors (RE), particularly myopia, has increased in recent years, presenting significant geographic variations. This prospective longitudinal cohort study aims to assess the incidence of RE in a school-based cohort in northeastern Spain and identify associated risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study followed up 1189 children with an ~1-year interval (mean age: 8.74 years at visit 1 and 10.00 years at visit 2) from a school-based cohort in northeast Spain (2021\u20132024). RE was measured using an autorefractometer and retinoscopy without cycloplegia. A preliminary questionnaire was used to collect data on potential risk factors such as visual habits and socioeconomic status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The spherical equivalent (SE) at the initial visit was +0.29\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03\u2009D, decreasing to +0.14\u2009\u00b1\u20090.04\u2009D at follow-up. The prevalence of myopia increased from 12.3% at baseline to 17.1% at follow-up. A total of 56 incident cases were identified, corresponding to a cumulative incidence of 5.4%. In multivariable logistic regression, baseline SE\u2009\u2264\u2009+1.00\u2009D was associated with a clinically significant myopic shift (odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20091.67, 95% CI 1.29\u20132.16;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Parental myopia was strongly associated with the outcome (maternal: OR\u2009=\u200923.36, 95% CI 8.33\u201365.49;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; paternal: OR\u2009=\u20094.25, 95% CI 1.74\u201310.38;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Lower outdoor exposure was also associated with higher odds of a clinically significant myopic shift (low vs. high: OR\u2009=\u20099.33, 95% CI 5.89\u201314.79;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Parental education was not significantly associated, whereas parental unemployment was associated with higher odds of myopic shift in the fully adjusted model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence of myopia and progression of RE (change in SE) in this school-based cohort of northeastern Spanish schoolchildren was significant over 1 year. Factors such as paternal\/maternal myopia, reduced outdoor time and both paternal and maternal unemployment were associated with a higher risk of a clinically significant myopic shift (\u0394SE\u2009\u2264\u2009\u22120.50\u2009D).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44402-026-00086-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T17:25:47Z","timestamp":1778001947000},"page":"671-680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Incidence and Risk Factors of Refractive Error in Children in Spain: CISViT Project"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Alba","family":"Gald\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Guisasola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"El Gharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valldeflors","family":"Vinuela-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"P\u00e9rez-Corral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00faria","family":"Vila-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"86_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.15406\/aovs.2016.05.00146","volume":"5","author":"N Gupta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gupta N, Gupta V, Arora L, Vashist P. 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