{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T13:04:21Z","timestamp":1784811861682,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23-EY022357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23-EY022357"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s44402-026-00101-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T05:57:00Z","timestamp":1778479020000},"page":"736-743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Stimulus Size and Cognitive Demand on Accommodation and Pupil Size in Children and Adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Christabel A.","family":"Ameyaw Baah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly K.","family":"Curtiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa M.","family":"Gehring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer X.","family":"Haensel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tawna L.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"101_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01569293","volume":"43","author":"S Phillips","year":"1977","unstructured":"Phillips S, Stark L. Blur: a sufficient accommodative stimulus. Doc Ophthalmol. 1977;43:65\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01569293.","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"101_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(86)90153-7","volume":"26","author":"PB Kruger","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kruger PB, Pola J. Stimuli for accommodation: Blur, chromatic aberration and size. Vis Res. 1986;26:957\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0042-6989(86)90153-7.","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"101_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.49.000568","volume":"49","author":"FW Campbell","year":"1959","unstructured":"Campbell FW, Westheimer G. Factors influencing accommodation responses of the human eye. JOSA. 1959;49:568\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/JOSA.49.000568.","journal-title":"JOSA"},{"key":"101_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1993.tb00468.x","volume":"13","author":"LS Gray","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gray LS, Winn B, Gilmartin B. Effect of target luminance on microfluctuations of accommodation. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1993;13:258\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1993.tb00468.x.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"101_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.2.001832","volume":"2","author":"PB Kruger","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kruger PB, Pola J. Changing target size is a stimulus for accommodation. J Opt Soc Am A. 1985;2:1832\u201335.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/JOSAA.2.001832.","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am A"},{"key":"101_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000171337.02376.60","volume":"82","author":"KL Schmid","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schmid KL, Hilmer KS, Lawrence RA, Loh S-Y, Morrish LJ, Brown B. The effect of common reductions in letter size and contrast on accommodation responses in young adult myopes and emmetropes. Optom Vis Sci. 2005;82:602\u201311.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.opx.0000171337.02376.60.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"101_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-9235.1998.tb04972.x","volume":"75","author":"K Niwa","year":"1998","unstructured":"Niwa K, Tokoro T. Influence of spatial distribution with blur on fluctuations in accommodation. Optom Vis Sci. 1998;75:227\u201332.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006324-199803000-00029.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"101_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200306000-00014","volume":"80","author":"EL Francis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Francis EL, Jiang B-C, Owens DA, Tyrrell RA. Accommodation and vergence require effort-to-see. Optom Vis Sci. 2003;80:467\u201373.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006324-200306000-00014.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"101_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1985.tb00659.x","volume":"5","author":"KJ Ciuffreda","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ciuffreda KJ, Hokoda SC. Effect of instruction and higher level control on the accommodative response spatial frequency profile. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1985;5:221\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1985.tb00659.x.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"101_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198007000-00006","volume":"57","author":"PB Kruger","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kruger PB. The effect of cognitive demand on accommodation. Optom Vis Sci. 1980;57:440\u20136.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006324-198007000-00006.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"101_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1991.tb00234.x","volume":"11","author":"B Winn","year":"1991","unstructured":"Winn B, Gilmartin B, Mortimer LC, Edwards NR. The effect of mental effort on open- and closed-loop accommodation. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1991;11:335\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1991.tb00234.x.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"101_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000171337.02376.60","volume":"82","author":"KL Schmid","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schmid KL, Hilmer KS, Lawrence RA, Loh S-Y, Morrish LJ, Brown B. The effect of common reductions in letter size and contrast on accommodation responses in young adult myopes and emmetropes. Optom Vis Sci. 2005;82:602\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.opx.0000171337.02376.60.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"101_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03199406","volume":"19","author":"FV Malmstrom","year":"1976","unstructured":"Malmstrom FV, Randle RJ. Effects of visual imagery on the accommodation response. Percept Psychophys. 1976;19:450\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03199406.","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"101_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1988.tb01181.x","volume":"8","author":"W Jaschinski-Kruza","year":"1988","unstructured":"Jaschinski-Kruza W, Toenies U. Effect of a mental arithmetic task on dark focus of accommodation. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1988;8:432\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1988.tb01181.x.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"101_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12690","volume":"40","author":"B Redondo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Redondo B, Vera J, Molina R, Davies LN, Jim\u00e9nez R. Accommodative dynamics and attention: the influence of manipulating attentional capacity on accommodative lag and variability. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2020;40:510\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.12690.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"101_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00162751","volume":"69","author":"MA Bullimore","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bullimore MA, Gilmartin B. The accommodative response, refractive error and mental effort: 1. The sympathetic nervous system. Doc Ophthalmol. 1988;69:385\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00162751.","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"101_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001186","volume":"95","author":"TL Roberts","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roberts TL, Manny RE, Benoit JS, Anderson HA. Impact of cognitive demand during sustained near tasks in children and adults. Optom Vis Sci. 2018;95:223\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001186.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"101_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(85)90047-1","volume":"25","author":"PA Ward","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ward PA, Charman WN. Effect of pupil size on steady state accommodation. Vis Res. 1985;25:1317\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0042-6989(85)90047-1.","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"101_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1990.tb00972.x","volume":"10","author":"GA Myers","year":"1990","unstructured":"Myers GA, Stark L. Topology of the near response triad. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1990;10:175\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1990.tb00972.x.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"101_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(86)90151-3","volume":"26","author":"CM Schor","year":"1986","unstructured":"Schor CM, Kotulak JC. Dynamic interactions between accommodation and convergence are velocity sensitive. Vis Res. 1986;26:927\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0042-6989(86)90151-3.","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"101_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00293.x","volume":"25","author":"S Kasthurirangan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kasthurirangan S, Glasser A. Characteristics of pupil responses during far-to-near and near-to-far accommodation. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2005;25:328\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00293.x.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"101_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(83)90404-1","volume":"82","author":"F Sun","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sun F, Tauchi P, Stark L. Dynamic pupillary response controlled by the pupil size effect. Exp Neurol. 1983;82:313\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-4886(83)90404-1.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"101_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-018-1432-y","volume":"25","author":"P van der Wel","year":"2018","unstructured":"van der Wel P, van Steenbergen H. Pupil dilation as an index of effort in cognitive control tasks: a review. Psychon Bull Rev. 2018;25:2005\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13423-018-1432-y.","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"101_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Einh\u00e4user W. The pupil as marker of cognitive processes. In: Zhao Q, editor. Computational cognitive neuroscience vision. Singapore: Springer; 2017. p. 141\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-10-0213-7_7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-0213-7_7"},{"key":"101_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2015.03.018","volume":"33","author":"C-A Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang C-A, Munoz DP. A circuit for pupil orienting responses: implications for cognitive modulation of pupil size. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2015;33:134\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conb.2015.03.018.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"101_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1515\/tnsci-2015-0017","volume":"6","author":"Querino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Querino, E, dos Santos L, Ginani G, Nicolau E, Miranda D, Romano-Silva M, et al. Cognitive effort and pupil dilation in controlled and automatic processes. Transl Neurosci. 2015;6:168\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/tnsci-2015-0017.","journal-title":"Transl Neurosci"},{"key":"101_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/14.4.1","volume":"14","author":"D Aln\u00e6s","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aln\u00e6s D, Sneve MH, Espeseth T, Endestad T, van de Pavert SHP, Laeng B. Pupil size signals mental effort deployed during multiple object tracking and predicts brain activity in the dorsal attention network and the locus coeruleus. J Vis. 2014;14:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/14.4.1.","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"101_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2022.05.001","volume":"16","author":"M Mihel\u010di\u010d","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mihel\u010di\u010d M, Podlesek A. Cognitive workload affects ocular accommodation and pupillary response. J Optom. 2023;16:107\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optom.2022.05.001.","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"101_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2021.108046","volume":"160","author":"L Kooijman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kooijman L, Dodou D, Jansen ST, Themans TS, Russell JNM, Petermeijer SM, et al. Is accommodation a confounder in pupillometry research?. Biol Psychol. 2021;160:108046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2021.108046.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"101_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.14.002547","volume":"14","author":"A Roorda","year":"1997","unstructured":"Roorda A, Campbell MCW, Bobier WR. Slope-based eccentric photorefraction: theoretical analysis of different light source configurations and effects of ocular aberrations. J Opt Soc Am A. 1997;14:2547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/JOSAA.14.002547.","journal-title":"J Opt Soc Am A"},{"key":"101_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019515","volume":"461","author":"F Schaeffel","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schaeffel F, Wilhelm H, Zrenner E. Inter-individual variability in the dynamics of natural accommodation in humans: relation to age and refractive errors. J Physiol. 1993;461:301\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019515.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"101_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181a76e55","volume":"86","author":"Y Pan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pan Y, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Cotter SA, Wen G, Borchert MS, Azen SP, et al. Visual acuity norms in pre-school children: the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study. Optom Vis Sci. 2009;86:607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181a76e55.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"101_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01256-9","volume":"132","author":"PS Moke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moke PS, Turpin AH, Beck RW, Holmes JM, Repka MX, Birch EE, et al. Computerized method of visual acuity testing: adaptation of the amblyopia treatment study visual acuity testing protocol. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132:903\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)01256-9.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"101_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.9.1345","volume":"119","author":"JM Holmes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Holmes JM, Beck RW, Repka MX, Leske DA, Kraker RT, Blair RC, et al. The amblyopia treatment study visual acuity testing protocol. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:1345\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.119.9.1345.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"101_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01825-1","volume":"135","author":"RW Beck","year":"2003","unstructured":"Beck RW, Moke PS, Turpin AH, Ferris FL, SanGiovanni JP, Johnson CA, et al. A computerized method of visual acuity testing: adaptation of the early treatment of diabetic retinopathy study testing protocol. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135:194\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01825-1.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"101_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00388-X","volume":"136","author":"SA Cotter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cotter SA, Chu RH, Chandler DL, Beck RW, Holmes JM, Rice ML, et al. Reliability of the electronic early treatment diabetic retinopathy study testing protocol in children 7 to <13 years old. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136:655\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00388-X.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"101_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.8.1039","volume":"126","author":"Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia: follow-up at age 10 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:1039\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.126.8.1039.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"101_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/9.11.4","volume":"9","author":"SR Bharadwaj","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bharadwaj SR, Candy TR. Accommodative and vergence responses to conflicting blur and disparity stimuli during development. J Vis. 2009;9:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/9.11.4.","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"101_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000221402.35099.fb","volume":"83","author":"PJ Blade","year":"2006","unstructured":"Blade PJ, Candy TR. Validation of the PowerRefactor for measuring human infant refraction. Optom Vis Sci. 2006;83:346\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.opx.0000221402.35099.fb.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"101_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001177","volume":"95","author":"TL Roberts","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roberts TL, Stevenson SB, Benoit JS, Manny RE, Anderson HA. Blur detection, depth-of-field and accommodation in emmetropic and hyperopic children. Optom Vis Sci. 2018;95:212\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001177.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"101_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1097\/10.1097\/00006324-200010000-00008","volume":"77","author":"M Choi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Choi M, Weiss S, Schaeffel F, Seidemann A, Howland HC, Wilhelm B, et al. Laboratory, clinical and kindergarten test of a new eccentric infrared photorefractor (PowerRefractor). Optom Vis Sci. 2000;77:537\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/10.1097\/00006324-200010000-00008.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"101_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.10.023","volume":"46","author":"DA Atchison","year":"2006","unstructured":"Atchison DA, Pritchard N, Schmid KL. Peripheral refraction along the horizontal and vertical visual fields in myopia. Vis Res. 2006;46:1450\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2005.10.023.","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"101_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.02.006","volume":"46","author":"E Harb","year":"2006","unstructured":"Harb E, Thorn F, Troilo D. Characteristics of accommodative behavior during sustained reading in emmetropes and myopes. Vis Res. 2006;46:2581\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2006.02.006.","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"101_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/7.11.4","volume":"7","author":"TR Candy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Candy TR, Bharadwaj SR. The stability of steady state accommodation in human infants. J Vis. 2007;7:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/7.11.4.","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"101_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25256","volume":"60","author":"TL Roberts","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roberts TL, Manny RE, Anderson HA. Impact of visual cues on the magnitude and variability of the accommodative response in children with emmetropia and uncorrected hyperopia and adults. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60:1527\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.18-25256.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00101-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00101-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00101-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T12:51:02Z","timestamp":1784811062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00101-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00101-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 April 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"Prior to participating in the study, participants aged 7\u201317 years gave their written assent, and their parent or guardian gave written informed consent. Participants aged \u226518 years gave written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics and consent to participate declaration","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish declaration","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}