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Lipids were extracted in chloroform and analysed by mass spectrometry. Relative molar proportions of wax esters (WE), cholesteryl esters (CE), triglycerides (TG) and polar lipid classes were quantified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Non-polar lipids comprised most tear lipids in the morning (98.8%) and evening (99.0%), with WE being most abundant, followed by CE and TG. No significant diurnal differences were observed in tear lipid class proportions. Meibum lipid composition was also dominated by non-polar species (99.4% morning; 99.2% evening), with WE as the principal component. TG levels were higher in evening meibum, while diacylglycerol and phosphatidylserine were significantly elevated among polar lipids (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall distribution of major non-polar lipids in tears and meibum remains stable throughout the day in healthy individuals. Minor changes in specific lipid classes suggest potential molecular-level modulation, the functional relevance of which warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44402-026-00112-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T23:53:34Z","timestamp":1779839614000},"page":"802-808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diurnal Variation of Tear and Meibum Lipids in Healthy Subjects"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Mukesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankit","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay Kumar","family":"Vijay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srikanth","family":"Dumpati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simin","family":"Masoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Willcox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"112_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.10.008","volume":"117","author":"DA Dartt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dartt DA, Willcox MD. 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