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Opt."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether ocular dominance is associated with systematic interocular asymmetry in spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) across childhood and early adulthood, and assess whether such asymmetry exceeds laterality effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were analysed from three population-based cohorts: 728 children (6\u20137-year-olds)\u00a0and 898 adolescents (12\u201313-year-olds) from Ireland and 303 young adults (25\u201330-year-olds) from Western Australia. Ocular dominance was assessed using sighting tests. SER was measured by cycloplegic autorefraction and AL by optical biometry. Interocular differences were evaluated using paired comparisons, concordance correlation coefficients (CCC), Deming regression, Bland\u2013Altman analyses and mediation modelling. Analyses were stratified by refractive status and anisometropia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Across all age groups, right\u2013left differences in SER and AL were minimal (mean differences &lt;0.05\u2009D and &lt;0.05\u2009mm in children and adolescents), with small, significant laterality effects observed only in young adults (\u22120.13\u2009D in SER; 0.06\u2009mm in AL). In contrast, dominant\u2013non-dominant comparisons demonstrated consistent directional asymmetry: the dominant eye was less hyperopic\/more myopic (\u22120.09\u2009D at 6\u20137 years; \u22120.10\u2009D at 12\u201313 years; \u22120.08\u2009D at 25\u201330 years) and longer (0.03\u20130.06\u2009mm; all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Deming regression and Bland\u2013Altman analyses confirmed systematic deviation from interocular symmetry, most pronounced in childhood. Mediation analyses indicated that ocular dominance statistically explained over 85% of the observed interocular asymmetry, independent of laterality. Dominance-related asymmetry was most evident in non-myopes (SER\u2009\u22120.09 to \u22120.36\u2009D; AL 0.03\u20130.06\u2009mm), attenuated in myopia and amplified in anisometropia (SER up to \u22121.09\u2009D; AL up to 0.42\u2009mm), particularly in younger cohorts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional analysis, ocular dominance was associated with small but systematic interocular asymmetry in SER and AL across childhood and early adulthood, which exceeds laterality effects. Dominance-related asymmetry was attenuated in myopia and amplified in anisometropia. Ocular dominance should be considered when analysing interocular refractive and biometric data in research and clinical contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44402-026-00155-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T20:41:04Z","timestamp":1785357664000},"page":"1095-1106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ocular Dominance is Associated With Interocular Asymmetry in Refractive Error and Axial Length Across Childhood and Early Adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2667-1796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edofra C.","family":"Harrington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8957-0733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gareth","family":"Lingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3130-8991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Loughman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7004-6026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Flitcroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7914-4709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Mackey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3919-444X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"155_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.04.003","volume":"59","author":"JR Cameron","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cameron JR, Megaw RD, Tatham AJ, McGrory S, MacGillivray TJ, Doubal FN, et al. 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