{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:18:39Z","timestamp":1788279519707,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EY007551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY007551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY030193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY030193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."],"DOI":"10.1007\/s44402-026-00177-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:33:35Z","timestamp":1788276815000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acute Ocular Effects of Violet and Red Light Exposure in Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Varsha","family":"Venkata Srinivasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Ostrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"177_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","volume":"123","author":"BA Holden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P, et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123:1036\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"177_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00231-4","volume":"6","author":"PN Baird","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baird PN, Saw S-M, Lanca C, Guggenheim JA, Smith Iii EL, Zhou X, et al. Myopia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6:99 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-020-00231-4.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"177_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V33N1p7","volume":"33","author":"RA Stone","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stone RA, Flitcroft DI. Ocular shape and myopia. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2004;33:7\u201315.","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap"},{"key":"177_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-022-01309-1","volume":"43","author":"Y Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang Y, Chen X, Zhuang J, Yu K. The role of retinal dysfunction in myopia development. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2023;43:1905\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10571-022-01309-1.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"177_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.008","volume":"43","author":"J Wallman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wallman J, Winawer J. Homeostasis of eye growth and the question of myopia. Neuron. 2004;43:447\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.008.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"177_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.06.004","volume":"31","author":"DI Flitcroft","year":"2012","unstructured":"Flitcroft DI. The complex interactions of retinal, optical and environmental factors in myopia aetiology. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2012;31:622\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.06.004.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"177_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.04.032","volume":"128","author":"MA Bullimore","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bullimore MA, Ritchey ER, Shah S, Leveziel N, Bourne RRA, Flitcroft DI. The risks and benefits of myopia control. Ophthalmology. 2021;128:1561\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.04.032.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"177_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-024-00354-7","volume":"43","author":"S Biswas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Biswas S, El Kareh A, Qureshi M, Lee DMX, Sun C-H, Lam JSH, et al. The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia. J Physiol Anthropol. 2024;43:7 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40101-024-00354-7.","journal-title":"J Physiol Anthropol"},{"key":"177_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.254","volume":"28","author":"E Goldschmidt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goldschmidt E, Jacobsen N. Genetic and environmental effects on myopia development and progression. Eye. 2014;28:126\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2013.254.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"177_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12346","volume":"98","author":"D Ramamurthy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramamurthy D, Lin Chua SY, Saw S-M. A review of environmental risk factors for myopia during early life, childhood and adolescence. Clin Exp Optom. 2015;98:497\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cxo.12346.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"177_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018","volume":"114","author":"AN French","year":"2013","unstructured":"French AN, Ashby RS, Morgan IG, Rose KA. Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia. Exp Eye Res. 2013;114:58\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"177_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7169","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8336","volume":"53","author":"LA Jones-Jordan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jones-Jordan LA, Sinnott LT, Cotter SA, Kleinstein RN, Manny RE, Mutti DO, et al. Time outdoors, visual activity, and myopia progression in juvenile-onset myopes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:7169\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.11-8336.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"177_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314675","volume":"104","author":"G Lingham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lingham G, Mackey DA, Lucas R, Yazar S. How does spending time outdoors protect against myopia? A review. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104:593\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314675.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"177_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.04.020","volume":"119","author":"JC Sherwin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sherwin JC, Reacher MH, Keogh RH, Khawaja AP, Mackey DA, Foster PJ. The association between time spent outdoors and myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:2141\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.04.020.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"177_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5348","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3419","volume":"50","author":"R Ashby","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ashby R, Ohlendorf A, Schaeffel F. The effect of ambient illuminance on the development of deprivation myopia in chicks. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:5348\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.09-3419.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"177_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-022-00490-2","volume":"11","author":"P Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang P, Zhu H. Light signaling and myopia development: a review. Ophthalmol Ther. 2022;11:939\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40123-022-00490-2.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"177_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.15.5","volume":"66","author":"R Ashby","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ashby R, Harb EN, Ostrin LA, Flitcroft DI, Schaeffel F, Karouta C, et al. IMI: the role of light in refractive development and myopia: evidence from animal and human studies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2025;66:5 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.66.15.5.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"177_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.04.014","volume":"49","author":"FJ Rucker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rucker FJ, Wallman J. Chick eyes compensate for chromatic simulations of hyperopic and myopic defocus: evidence that the eye uses longitudinal chromatic aberration to guide eye-growth. Vision Res. 2009;49:1775\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2009.04.014.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"177_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00262-6","volume":"42","author":"A Seidemann","year":"2002","unstructured":"Seidemann A, Schaeffel F. Effects of longitudinal chromatic aberration on accommodation and emmetropization. Vision Res. 2002;42:2409\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00262-6.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"177_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2017.07.011","volume":"140","author":"TJ Gawne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gawne TJ, Ward AH, Norton TT. Long-wavelength (red) light produces hyperopia in juvenile and adolescent tree shrews. Vision Res. 2017;140:55\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2017.07.011.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"177_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109593","volume":"234","author":"Z She","year":"2023","unstructured":"She Z, Ward AH, Gawne TJ. The effects of ambient narrowband long-wavelength light on lens-induced myopia and form-deprivation myopia in tree shrews. Exp Eye Res. 2023;234:109593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109593.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"177_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71806-0","volume":"10","author":"J Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang J, Yang L, Chen R, Zhu Y, Wang S, Hou X, et al. A role of color vision in emmetropization in C57BL\/6J mice. Sci Rep. 2020;10:14895. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-71806-0.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"177_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8652","volume":"53","author":"EL Smith","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smith EL, Hung III, Huang L-F. J. Protective effects of high ambient lighting on the development of form-deprivation myopia in Rhesus monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:421\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.11-8652.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"177_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.07.004","volume":"176","author":"L-F Hung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hung L-F, Arumugam B, She Z, Ostrin L, Smith EL. Narrow-band, long-wavelength lighting promotes hyperopia and retards vision-induced myopia in infant rhesus monkeys. Exp Eye Res. 2018;176:147\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2018.07.004.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"177_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.01.012","volume":"88","author":"DL Nickla","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nickla DL, Damyanova P, Lytle G. Inhibiting the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase has similar effects on the compensatory choroidal and axial responses to myopic defocus in chicks as does the non-specific inhibitor L-NAME. Exp Eye Res. 2009;88:1092\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2009.01.012.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"177_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.6.4","volume":"64","author":"LA Ostrin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ostrin LA, Harb E, Nickla DL, Read SA, Alonso-Caneiro D, Schroedl F, et al. IMI\u2014the dynamic choroid: new insights, challenges, and potential significance for human myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2023;64:4 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.64.6.4.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"177_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.10.40","volume":"61","author":"L Lou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lou L, Ostrin LA. Effects of narrowband light on choroidal thickness and the pupil. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020;61:40 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.61.10.40.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"177_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13390","volume":"44","author":"R Chakraborty","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chakraborty R, Baranton K, Pic E, Didone J, Kim W, Lam K, et al. Axial length reduction and choroidal thickening with short-term exposure to cyan light in human subjects. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2024;44:1414\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.13390.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"177_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sobol M, Pniewski J. Efficacy of repeated low-level red light (RLRL) therapy in managing childhood myopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2024;14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14010083.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14010083"},{"key":"177_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.12.007","volume":"15","author":"H Torii","year":"2017","unstructured":"Torii H, Kurihara T, Seko Y, Negishi K, Ohnuma K, Inaba T, et al. Violet light exposure can be a preventive strategy against myopia progression. eBioMedicine. 2017;15:210\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.12.007.","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"177_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2018840118","volume":"118","author":"X Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang X, Pardue MT, Mori K, Ikeda S-i, Torii H, D\u2019Souza S, et al. Violet light suppresses lens-induced myopia via neuropsin (OPN5) in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2021;118:e2018840118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2018840118.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"177_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109414","volume":"228","author":"H Jeong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jeong H, Kurihara T, Jiang X, Kondo S, Ueno Y, Hayashi Y, et al. Suppressive effects of violet light transmission on myopia progression in a mouse model of lens-induced myopia. Exp Eye Res. 2023;228:109414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109414.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"177_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09388-7","volume":"7","author":"H Torii","year":"2017","unstructured":"Torii H, Ohnuma K, Kurihara T, Tsubota K, Negishi K. Violet light transmission is related to myopia progression in adult high myopia. Sci Rep. 2017;7:14523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-09388-7.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"177_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6000","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206000","volume":"11","author":"H Torii","year":"2022","unstructured":"Torii H, Mori K, Okano T, Kondo S, Yang H-Y, Yotsukura E, et al. Short-term exposure to violet light emitted from eyeglass frames in myopic children: a randomized pilot clinical trial. J Clin Med. 2022;11:6000 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11206000.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"177_CR35","unstructured":"ANSI Z80. 36-2021. Light hazard protection for ophthalmic instruments. Washington, DC: American National Standards Institute; 2021."},{"key":"177_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.10.004","volume":"37","author":"RJ Lucas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lucas RJ, Peirson SN, Berson DM, Brown TM, Cooper HM, Czeisler CA, et al. Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age. Trends Neurosci. 2014;37:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2013.10.004.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"177_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5788","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9937","volume":"53","author":"NB Patel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Patel NB, Garcia B, Harwerth RS. Influence of anterior segment power on the scan path and RNFL thickness using SD-OCT. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:5788\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.12-9937.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"177_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2025.100556","volume":"18","author":"RP Sah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sah RP, Patel NB, Queener HM, Narra PK, Ostrin LA. Deep learning-based segmentation of OCT images for choroidal thickness. J Optom. 2025;18:100556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optom.2025.100556.","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"177_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0230260","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230260","volume":"15","author":"JH Terheyden","year":"2020","unstructured":"Terheyden JH, Wintergerst MWM, Falahat P, Berger M, Holz FG, Finger RP. Automated thresholding algorithms outperform manual thresholding in macular optical coherence tomography angiography image analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0230260 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0230260.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"177_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.10.002","volume":"130","author":"R Xiong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiong R, Zhu Z, Jiang Y, Wang W, Zhang J, Chen Y, et al. Longitudinal changes and predictive value of choroidal thickness for myopia control after repeated low-level red-light therapy. Ophthalmology. 2023;130:286\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.10.002.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"177_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.03.036","volume":"252","author":"J Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang J, Liao Y, Yan N, Dereje SB, Wang J, Luo Y, et al. Efficacy of repeated low-level red-light therapy for slowing the progression of childhood myopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2023;252:153\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.03.036.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"177_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.13.10.29","volume":"13","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Y, Zhu M, Yan X, Li M, Xiang Y. The effect of repeated low-level red-light therapy on myopia control and choroid. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2024;13:29 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.13.10.29.","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"177_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.15.22","volume":"62","author":"S Thakur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thakur S, Dhakal R, Verkicharla PK. Short-term exposure to blue light shows an inhibitory effect on axial elongation in human eyes independent of defocus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021;62:22 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.62.15.22.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"177_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1159\/000527787","volume":"66","author":"W Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang W, Lin F, Li M, Wei R, Zhou J, Zhou X. Immediate effect in the retina and choroid after 650\u2009nm low-level red light therapy in children. Ophthalmic Res. 2023;66:312\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000527787.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"177_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Priscilla JJ, Ostrin LA. Transient ocular effects of red light exposure in young adults. J Optom. 2025:100594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optom.2025.100594.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2025.100594"},{"key":"177_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2418429121","volume":"121","author":"AM Eltanahy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eltanahy AM, Aupetit A, Buhr ED, Van Gelder RN, Gonzales AL. Light-sensitive Ca2+ signaling in the mammalian choroid. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2024;121:e2418429121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2418429121.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"177_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-025-00467-9","volume":"12","author":"J Ma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ma J, Rahaman SM, Ohmura Y, Yamanaka A. The physiological functions of OPN5m. Eye Vis (Lond). 2025;12:48 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40662-025-00467-9.","journal-title":"Eye Vis (Lond)"},{"key":"177_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26388","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026388","volume":"6","author":"D Kojima","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kojima D, Mori S, Torii M, Wada A, Morishita R, Fukada Y. UV-sensitive photoreceptor protein OPN5 in humans and mice. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e26388 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0026388.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"177_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.70130","volume":"599","author":"Y Sakai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sakai Y, McDowell RJ, Lucas RJ. Development of visible light-sensitive human neuropsin (OPN5) via single amino acid substitution. FEBS Lett. 2025;599:2612\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1873-3468.70130.","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"177_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yotsukura E, Torii H, Hayashi K, Hayashi S, Ohnuma K, Mori K, et al. Violet light-transmitting intraocular lens increases choroidal thickness: 1-year prospective, randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2025;10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjophth-2025-002441.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2025-002441"},{"key":"177_CR51","first-page":"776","volume":"1","author":"EA Boettner","year":"1962","unstructured":"Boettner EA, Wolter R. Transmission of the ocular media. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1962;1:776\u201383.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"177_CR52","first-page":"1454","volume":"41","author":"ER Gaillard","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gaillard ER, Zheng L, Merriam JC, Dillon J. Age-related changes in the absorption characteristics of the primate lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:1454\u20139.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"177_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1159\/000527787","volume":"66","author":"W Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang W, Lin F, Li M, Wei R, Zhou J, Zhou X. Immediate effect in the retina and choroid after 650\u2009nm low-level red light therapy in children. Ophthalmic Res. 2022;66:312\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000527787.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"177_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2008.02.002","volume":"27","author":"CJ Pournaras","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pournaras CJ, Rungger-Brandle E, Riva CE, Hardarson SH, Stefansson E. Regulation of retinal blood flow in health and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2008;27:284\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2008.02.002.","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"177_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13311","volume":"44","author":"B Swiatczak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Swiatczak B, Schaeffel F. Effects of short-term exposure to red or near-infrared light on axial length in young human subjects. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2024;44:954\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/opo.13311.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"177_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000513","volume":"92","author":"A Carkeet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carkeet A. Exact parametric confidence intervals for Bland\u2013Altman limits of agreement. Optom Vis Sci. 2015;92:e71\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000513.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00177-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00177-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00177-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:33:37Z","timestamp":1788276817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00177-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44402-026-00177-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-5408","1475-1313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-5408","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-1313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 August 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Competing interest: LAO: Zeiss (consulting) and Meta (research support). These conflicts do not directly relate to the topic of the manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}}]}}