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Opt."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Headache disorders and untreated vision problems are both common among adolescents. This study aimed to examine headache characteristics in adolescents and potential associations with untreated vision problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As part of a school vision testing programme, 230 Norwegian adolescents aged 15.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5 years (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD) completed a structured questionnaire including questions that allowed for classification according to The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. The Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale was used for registration of pain intensity. The questionnaire also registered general health, pain\/discomfort in the upper body, screen time and physical activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 190 (83%) adolescents reported experiencing headache, while frequent tension-type headache was classified in 42 (18%) and migraine in 25 (11%) of the adolescents. Adolescents with an untreated vision problem [\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200974 (32%)] were more likely to be classified with a migraine diagnosis (20 vs. 8%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009) and reported more arm pain\/discomfort (68 vs. 49%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007) compared with adolescents with normal vision. Adolescents classified with migraine more often had an untreated vision problem due to reduced binocular vision (37 vs. 16%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008), reduced accommodation amplitude (15 vs. 2%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009) and reduced near point of convergence (19 vs. 2%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), compared with adolescents without a migraine diagnosis. Adolescents who reported arm pain\/discomfort more often had reduced near point of convergence (12 vs. 3%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02), compared with adolescents without arm pain\/discomfort.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this study indicate an association between migraine characteristics, upper body musculoskeletal pain and reduced near visual function. However, as the study design prevents causal interpretation, further research is needed. A comprehensive eye examination may offer significant benefits and should be considered an integral part of the management strategy for patients with headaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44402-026-00180-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T22:47:16Z","timestamp":1788475636000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Migraine and Reduced Binocular Vision in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4045-0909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanne Mari Schi\u00f8tz","family":"Thorud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8847-3299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilie Onshuus","family":"Bj\u00f8rset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4674-508X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inger Helene Hallan","family":"Mins\u00e5s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6370-7191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart J.","family":"Gilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6494-3911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trine","family":"Langaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8756-1031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina R.","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8879-1131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gro","family":"Horgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9017-4519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lene A.","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3946-6687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilde R.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0768-9010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Svarverud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3259-7617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rigmor C.","family":"Baraas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"180_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","volume":"396","author":"GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators","year":"2020","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. 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Written informed consent was obtained from all included adolescents younger than 16 years and both their parents. Participants aged 16 or older provided written informed consent themselves, as they are considered fully competent to consent to participate in research according to the Norwegian Health Research Act.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}