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This study systematically investigated the efficacy of three subtype-specific pharmacological agents in myopia control and dose\u2013response relationships in lens-induced myopia (LIM) chick models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>White Leghorn chicks were randomised to a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) control group or treated groups receiving metaraminol (\u03b11-AR agonist), lofexidine (\u03b12-AR agonist) or cirazoline (a dual \u03b11\u2011AR agonist and \u03b12\u2011AR antagonist) at low (3\u2009nmol), medium (30\u2009nmol) or high (300\u2009nmol) doses. A \u221210\u2009D single-vision lens was fitted to the right eye for 7 days to induce myopia, with intravitreal injections administered at baseline and on days 2, 4 and 6. Natural ocular recovery was allowed for another 7 days. Interocular differences (IOD) in spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and ocular biometrics were compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After 7 days of lens wear, all drug groups exhibited lower myopia progression than the control group. Lofexidine showed potent and consistent myopia-inhibiting effects. The IOD in SER, vitreous chamber depth (VCD) and axial length (AL) were significantly reduced at three doses compared with PBS control (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Metaraminol and cirazoline exhibited significant efficacy mainly at medium and high doses. All three \u03b1-AR modulators alleviated choroidal thinning at both 30 and 300 nmol doses. During recovery, all treatment groups trended toward emmetropia, without significant differences from the PBS group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This first head-to-head\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      comparison of three subtypes of \u03b1-AR modulators in the chick LIM model demonstrates the potent myopia-suppressive effects of \u03b12-AR agonist lofexidine at low dose. \u03b11-AR agonist metaraminol required a distinct threshold dose to achieve efficacy and blockade of \u03b12-AR with cirazoline may counteract anti-myopic protection. These findings provide crucial subtype-specific preclinical insights for the rational development of future drugs for myopia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44402-026-00207-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T14:09:30Z","timestamp":1792159770000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Subtype-Specific Efficacy of Adrenoceptor Agonists in Inhibiting Lens-Induced Myopia in Chicks"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Mezbah","family":"Uddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengjuan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6978-0963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel Ka Man","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"King Kit","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi Ho","family":"To","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis Yan-Yin","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"207_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","volume":"123","author":"BA Holden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P, et al. 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