{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T20:10:22Z","timestamp":1789416622139,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012681","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum K\u00f6ln","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Saudi Dent. J."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nickel\u2013titanium (NiTi) instruments have advanced root canal preparation through enhanced precision. Thermal pretreatment improves both flexibility and cyclic fatigue resistance (CFR). While irrigating solutions are essential for decontamination, they may also affect the properties of heat-treated NiTi instruments. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different irrigating solutions on the cyclic fatigue resistance of heat-treated NiTi files.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four heat-treated reciprocating NiTi-files were analyzed: EdgeOne R-Utopia, Reciproc Blue, Procodile Q and CC One Blue. Files were immersed (5\u00a0min; 37\u00a0\u00b0C and 60\u00a0\u00b0C) in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 96% ethanol, NaOCl\u2009+\u2009EDTA, distilled water, or left in a no-immersion control group. CFR was measured in an artificial root canal (60\u00b0 curvature, 5\u00a0mm radius), and fragment length (FL) was documented. The surface features of the fragments were assessed through scanning electron microscopy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>File system, irrigating solution, and temperature significantly influenced CFR (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Across all immersion conditions, the CFR reached its highest value with Procodile Q (37\u00a0\u00b0C distilled water) and its lowest with EdgeOne R-Utopia (60\u00a0\u00b0C NaOCl\u2009+\u2009EDTA). EDTA reduced CFR across all files, particularly at elevated temperatures and when combined with NaOCl. Microscopy revealed micropitting and roughened surfaces, particularly on CC One Blue (60\u00a0\u00b0C NaOCl), as well as material degradation and heterogeneous surfaces with NaOCl\u2009+\u2009EDTA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heat-treated NiTi instruments are influenced in their mechanical and metallurgical behavior by the chemical and thermal impact of irrigating solutions. Heated EDTA and NaOCl\u2009+\u2009EDTA were detrimental, while Procodile Q demonstrated the highest CFR. Within the limitations of this study, exposure to irrigating solutions, particularly heated EDTA and NaOCl\u2009+\u2009EDTA, reduced the cyclic fatigue resistance of heat-treated NiTi files. Clinically, prudent selection and temperature control of irrigants may help preserve instrument performance and reduce the risk of file fracture during root canal preparation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44445-025-00093-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T02:51:10Z","timestamp":1769136670000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Do irrigating solutions influence the cyclic fatigue resistance of heat-treated NiTi instruments? an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3269-8920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph Matthias","family":"Schoppmeier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6486-6825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malin","family":"Janson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7251-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4903-6605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustav Leo","family":"Classen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0169-2582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Greta","family":"Barbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"93_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5152\/eej.2017.17038","volume":"2","author":"M Adig\u00fczel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adig\u00fczel M, Turgay B (2017) Comparison of the cyclic fatigue resistance of Reciproc and Reciproc Blue nickel-titanium instruments in artificial canals with single and double (S-shaped) curvatures. Eur Endod J 2(1):1\u20134","journal-title":"Eur Endod J"},{"issue":"3","key":"93_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2010.01799.x","volume":"44","author":"G Ametrano","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ametrano G, D\u2019Ant\u00f2 V, Di Caprio MP, Simeone M, Rengo S, Spagnuolo G (2011) Effects of sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on rotary nickel-titanium instruments evaluated using atomic force microscopy. Int Endod J 44(3):203\u2013209","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"93_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17040827","author":"S B\u00fcrklein","year":"2024","unstructured":"B\u00fcrklein S, Ma\u00dfmann P, Sch\u00e4fer E, Donnermeyer D (2024) Cyclic fatigue of different reciprocating endodontic instruments using matching artificial root canals at body temperature in vitro. Materials. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17040827","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"7","key":"93_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12676","volume":"50","author":"JJ Cai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cai JJ, Tang XN, Ge JY (2017) Effect of irrigation on surface roughness and fatigue resistance of controlled memory wire nickel-titanium instruments. Int Endod J 50(7):718\u2013724","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"11","key":"93_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2008.08.012","volume":"34","author":"AS Carvalho","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carvalho AS, Camargo CHR, Valera MC, Camargo SEA, Mancini MNG (2008) Smear layer removal by auxiliary chemical substances in biomechanical preparation: a scanning electron microscope study. J Endod 34(11):1396\u20131400","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"4","key":"93_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.34172\/joddd.2020.040","volume":"14","author":"Y Damade","year":"2020","unstructured":"Damade Y, Kabir R, Gaddalay S, Deshpande S, Gite S, Bambale S et al (2020) Root canal debridement efficacy of heated sodium hypochlorite in conjunction with passive ultrasonic agitation: an ex vivo study. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 14(4):235\u2013238","journal-title":"J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects"},{"issue":"3","key":"93_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.10.039","volume":"43","author":"G De-Deus","year":"2017","unstructured":"De-Deus G, Silva EJ, Vieira VT, Belladonna FG, Elias CN, Plotino G et al (2017) Blue thermomechanical treatment optimizes fatigue resistance and flexibility of the Reciproc files. J Endod 43(3):462\u2013466","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"10","key":"93_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12712","volume":"50","author":"AM Elnaghy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elnaghy AM, Elsaka SE (2017) Effect of sodium hypochlorite and saline on cyclic fatigue resistance of WaveOne Gold and Reciproc reciprocating instruments. Int Endod J 50(10):991\u2013998","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"2","key":"93_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-018-0388-8","volume":"107","author":"CE Erik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erik CE, \u00d6zy\u00fcrek T (2019) Effects of etidronate, NaOCl, EDTA irrigation solutions and their combinations on cyclic fatigue resistance of nickel-titanium single-file rotary and reciprocating instruments at body temperature. Odontology 107(2):190\u2013195","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"issue":"7","key":"93_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2017.01.040","volume":"43","author":"NM Grande","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grande NM, Plotino G, Silla E, Pedull\u00e0 E, DeDeus G, Gambarini G et al (2017) Environmental temperature drastically affects flexural fatigue resistance of nickel-titanium rotary files. J Endod 43(7):1157\u20131160","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"11","key":"93_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2017.06.033","volume":"43","author":"X Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang X, Shen Y, Wei X, Haapasalo M (2017) Fatigue resistance of nickel-titanium instruments exposed to high-concentration hypochlorite. J Endod 43(11):1847\u20131851","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"2","key":"93_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2018.11.003","volume":"45","author":"A Keles","year":"2019","unstructured":"Keles A, Uzunoglu Ozyurek E, Uyanik MO, Nagas E (2019) Effect of temperature of sodium hypochlorite on cyclic fatigue resistance of heat-treated reciprocating files. J Endod 45(2):205\u2013208","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"7","key":"93_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2718-1","volume":"23","author":"ME Klymus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Klymus ME, Alcalde MP, Vivan RR, S\u00f3 MVR, de Vasconselos BC, Duarte MAH (2019) Effect of temperature on the cyclic fatigue resistance of thermally treated reciprocating instruments. Clin Oral Investig 23(7):3047\u20133052","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"93_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mampilly JS, V Shetty K (2020) Endodontic irrigating solutions, disinfection devices and techniques: A Review. Int J of Adv Res 8(986\u2013997)","DOI":"10.21474\/IJAR01\/10392"},{"key":"93_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15134443","author":"J Mena-\u00c1lvarez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mena-\u00c1lvarez J, Almanzor-L\u00f3pez M, Quispe-L\u00f3pez N, De Pedro-Mu\u00f1oz A, Rico-Romano C (2022) Analysis of the importance of the motion used in the resistance of different mechanical instrumentation systems in endodontics: a comparative study. Materials. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15134443","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"9","key":"93_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13542","volume":"54","author":"V Nagendrababu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nagendrababu V, Murray PE, Ordinola-Zapata R et al (2021) PRILE 2021 guidelines for reporting laboratory studies in Endodontology: A consensus-based development. Int Endod J 54(9):1482\u20131490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iej.13542","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"8","key":"93_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2014.02.005","volume":"40","author":"E Pedull\u00e0","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pedull\u00e0 E, Franciosi G, Ounsi HF, Tricarico M, Rapisarda E, Grandini S (2014) Cyclic fatigue resistance of nickel-titanium instruments after immersion in irrigant solutions with or without surfactants. J Endod 40(8):1245\u20131249","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"11","key":"93_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2012.02067.x","volume":"45","author":"OA Peters","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peters OA, Gluskin AK, Weiss RA, Han JT (2012) An in vitro assessment of the physical properties of novel Hyflex nickel-titanium rotary instruments. Int Endod J 45(11):1027\u20131034","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"2","key":"93_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-938X(92)90154-U","volume":"33","author":"G Reinhard","year":"1992","unstructured":"Reinhard G, Radtke M, Rammelt U (1992) On the role of the salts of weak acids in the chemical passivation of iron and steel in aqueous solutions. Corros Sci 33(2):307\u2013313","journal-title":"Corros Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"93_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-05243-4","volume":"27","author":"AH Dos Reis-Prado","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dos Reis-Prado AH, Abreu LG, de Arantes LC, Santos Dos, de Paula K, de Castro Oliveira S, Goto J et al (2023) Influence of sodium hypochlorite on cyclic fatigue resistance of nickel-titanium instruments: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies. Clin Oral Investig 27(11):6291\u2013319","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"1","key":"93_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.60870","volume":"16","author":"N R\u00edos-Osorio","year":"2024","unstructured":"R\u00edos-Osorio N, Caviedes-Bucheli J, Murcia-Celed\u00f3n J, Guti\u00e9rrez C, Sierra-Collazo D, Alvarado-Caicedo B et al (2024) Comparison of dynamic cyclic fatigue resistance of Reciproc\u00ae Blue and WaveOne\u00ae Gold after sterilization and\/or immersion in sodium hypochlorite. J Clin Exp Dent 16(1):e1\u2013e10","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Dent"},{"issue":"3","key":"93_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200003000-00008","volume":"26","author":"B Sattapan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sattapan B, Nervo GJ, Palamara JE, Messer HH (2000) Defects in rotary nickel-titanium files after clinical use. J Endod 26(3):161\u2013165","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"4","key":"93_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.14744\/eej.2025.95866","volume":"10","author":"CM Schoppmeier","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schoppmeier CM, Sun L, Janson M, Wittich FK, Barbe AG (2025) Influence of thermal pretreatments on the cyclic fatigue resistance of novel reciprocating nickel-titanium files: a comparison of low- and high-temperature modified systems. Eur Endod J 10(4):333\u2013342","journal-title":"Eur Endod J"},{"issue":"3","key":"93_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/aej.12374","volume":"45","author":"R Scott","year":"2019","unstructured":"Scott R, Arias A, Macorra JC, Govindjee S, Peters OA (2019) Resistance to cyclic fatigue of reciprocating instruments determined at body temperature and phase transformation analysis. Aust Endod J 45(3):400\u2013406","journal-title":"Aust Endod J"},{"issue":"1","key":"93_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12595","volume":"50","author":"T Tartari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tartari T, Oda DF, Zancan RF, da Silva TL, de Moraes IG, Duarte MAH et al (2017) Mixture of alkaline tetrasodium EDTA with sodium hypochlorite promotes in vitro smear layer removal and organic matter dissolution during biomechanical preparation. Int Endod J 50(1):106\u2013114","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"11","key":"93_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2020.08.006","volume":"46","author":"M Thu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thu M, Ebihara A, Maki K, Miki N, Okiji T (2020) Cyclic fatigue resistance of rotary and reciprocating nickel-titanium instruments subjected to static and dynamic tests. J Endod 46(11):1752\u20131757","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"5","key":"93_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2017.11.014","volume":"44","author":"G Uslu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uslu G, \u00d6zy\u00fcrek T, Y\u0131lmaz K, Plotino G (2018) Effect of dynamic immersion in sodium hypochlorite and EDTA solutions on cyclic fatigue resistance of WaveOne and WaveOne Gold reciprocating nickel-titanium files. J Endod 44(5):834\u2013837","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"7","key":"93_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(88)80196-1","volume":"14","author":"H Walia","year":"1988","unstructured":"Walia H, Brantley WA, Gerstein H (1988) An initial investigation of the bending and torsional properties of nitinol root canal files. J Endod 14(7):346\u2013351","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"2","key":"93_CR29","volume":"12","author":"G Yared","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yared G, Al Asmar Ramli G (2020) Antibacterial ability of sodium hypochlorite heated in the canals of infected teeth: an ex vivo study. Cureus 12(2):e6975","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"5","key":"93_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2005.09.014","volume":"32","author":"M Zehnder","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zehnder M (2006) Root canal irrigants. J Endod 32(5):389\u2013398","journal-title":"J Endod"}],"container-title":["The Saudi Dental Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44445-025-00093-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44445-025-00093-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44445-025-00093-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T15:45:41Z","timestamp":1773071141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44445-025-00093-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["93"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44445-025-00093-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1013-9052","2524-1702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1013-9052","type":"print"},{"value":"2524-1702","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study did not involve experiments on humans or animals; therefore, ethical approval was not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10"}}