{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T13:04:36Z","timestamp":1774875876531,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed To Be University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Saudi Dent. J."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s44445-026-00131-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T09:30:01Z","timestamp":1772703001000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum total sialic acid and carcinoembryonic antigen as biomarkers in diagnosis and stratification of oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral submucous fibrosis, and periodontitis: a prospective cross-sectional analytical study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Saleena","family":"Mishra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7449-3974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swagatika","family":"Panda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subrat","family":"Tripathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satya Ranjan","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neeta","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Swati","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"131_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.IJDR_632_16","volume":"28","author":"S Achalli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Achalli S, Madi M, Babu SG, Shetty SR, Kumari S, Bhat S (2017) Sialic acid as a biomarker of oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer. Indian J Dent Res 28:395\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijdr.IJDR_632_16","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"key":"131_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.IJDR_517_16","volume":"28","author":"RK Agarwal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Agarwal RK, Hebbale M, Mhapuskar A, Tepan M (2017) Correlation of ultrasonographic measurements, histopathological grading, and clinical staging in oral submucous fibrosis. Indian J Dent Res 28:476\u2013481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijdr.IJDR_517_16","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"key":"131_CR3","first-page":"865","volume":"60","author":"M Airoldi","year":"1984","unstructured":"Airoldi M, Negri L, Pedani F, Gerbino G, Camoletto D, Piantino P (1984) Serum and salivary CEA in benign and malignant lesions of the oral cavity. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 60:865\u2013870","journal-title":"Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper"},{"key":"131_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S76","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v86i12.62909","volume":"86","author":"A Amayo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Amayo A, Kuria J (2009) Clincal application of tumour markers: a review. East Afr Med J 86:S76-83. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/eamj.v86i12.62909","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"131_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2004.00210.x","volume":"34","author":"B Rajpura","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rajpura B, Patel S, Chawda J, Shah R (2005) Clinical significance of total and lipid bound sialic acid levels in oral pre-cancerous conditions and oral cancer. J Oral Pathol Med 34:263\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2004.00210.x","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"131_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.24943","volume":"40","author":"J Baeten","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baeten J, Johnson A, Sunny S, Suresh A, Birur P, Uma K, Kademani D (2018) Chairside molecular imaging of aberrant glycosylation in subjects with suspicious oral lesions using fluorescently labeled wheat germ agglutinin. Head Neck 40:292\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hed.24943","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"131_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2020.04.011","volume":"10","author":"P Batra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Batra P, Saini P, Yadav V (2020) Oral health concerns in India. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 10:171\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jobcr.2020.04.011","journal-title":"J Oral Biol Craniofac Res"},{"key":"131_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19910101)67:1<135::aid-cncr2820670124>3.0.co;2-6","volume":"67","author":"BR Baxi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Baxi BR, Patel PS, Adhvaryu SG, Dayal PK (1991) Usefulness of serum glycoconjugates in precancerous and cancerous diseases of the oral cavity. Cancer 67:135\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-0142(19910101)67:1%3c135::aid-cncr2820670124%3e3.0.co;2-6","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"131_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90970-7","volume":"57","author":"S Benchimol","year":"1989","unstructured":"Benchimol S, Fuks A, Jothy S, Beauchemin N, Shirota K, Stanners CP (1989) Carcinoembryonic antigen, a human tumour marker, functions as an intercellular adhesion molecule. Cell 57:327\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90970-7","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"131_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32871","volume":"147","author":"C Bosetti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bosetti C, Carioli G, Santucci C, Bertuccio P, Gallus S, Garavello W, Negri E, La Vecchia C (2020) Global trends in oral and pharyngeal cancer incidence and mortality. Int J Cancer 147:1040\u20131049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.32871","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"131_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1920.02620100016007","volume":"74","author":"Broders","year":"1920","unstructured":"Broders (1920) Squamous-cell epithelioma of the lip: a study of five hundred and thirty-seven cases. J Am Med Assoc 74:656\u2013664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1920.02620100016007","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"131_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","volume":"68","author":"F Bray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A (2018) Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 68(6):394\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21492","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"131_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4103\/IJDS.IJDS_39_20","volume":"13","author":"R Chauhan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chauhan R, Singh AK, Singh K, Rani K, Anand K, Tiwari A (2021) Prevalence of oral submucous fibrosis among habitual gutkha and areca nut chewers in Bihar population: a community-based research. Indian J Dent Sci 13(1):30\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/IJDS.IJDS_39_20","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Sci"},{"key":"131_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_239_18","volume":"23","author":"S Chittemsetti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chittemsetti S, Manchikatla PK, Guttikonda V (2019) Estimation of serum sialic acid in oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol JOMFP 23:156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_239_18","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Pathol JOMFP"},{"key":"131_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.191626","volume":"12","author":"Y Dong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dong Y, Zheng X, Yang Z, Sun M, Zhang G, An X, Pan L, Zhang S (2016) Serum carcinoembryonic antigen, neuron-specific enolase as biomarkers for diagnosis of nonsmall cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Ther 12:34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0973-1482.191626","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Ther"},{"key":"131_CR16","volume-title":"AJCC cancer staging manual","author":"SB Edge","year":"2010","unstructured":"Edge SB, American Joint Committee on Cancer (2010) AJCC cancer staging manual, 7th ed. Springer, New York, NY","edition":"7th ed"},{"key":"131_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.123.2.467","volume":"123","author":"FJ Eidelman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Eidelman FJ, Fuks A, DeMarte L, Taheri M, Stanners CP (1993) Human carcinoembryonic antigen, an intercellular adhesion molecule, blocks fusion and differentiation of rat myoblasts. J Cell Biol 123:467\u2013475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.123.2.467","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"131_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21048-y","volume":"8","author":"Y Gao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gao Y, Wang J, Zhou Y, Sheng S, Qian SY, Huo X (2018) Evaluation of serum CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4, CA125 and ferritin as diagnostic markers and factors of clinical parameters for colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 8:2732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-21048-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"131_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries [WWW Document], n.d. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21492","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492"},{"key":"131_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1980.tb01302.x","volume":"8","author":"PC Gupta","year":"1980","unstructured":"Gupta PC, Mehta FS, Daftary DK, Pindborg JJ, Bhonsle RB, Jalnawalla PN, Sinor PN, Pitkar VK, Murti PR, Irani RR, Shah HT, Kadam PM, Iyer KS, Iyer HM, Hegde AK, Chandrashekar GK, Shiroff BC, Sahiar BE, Mehta MN (1980) Incidence rates of oral cancer and natural history of oral precancerous lesions in a 10-year follow-up study of Indian villagers. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 8:283\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1980.tb01302.x","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"131_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_207_22","volume":"13","author":"S Gupta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gupta S, Subbappa A, Singh S, Sharma P, Singh A, Kumar A, Sandhu H, Nadar KT (2023) Challenges in the classification of oral submucous fibrosis and proposing a new classification based on systematic review of literature. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 13:17\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_207_22","journal-title":"J Int Soc Prev Community Dent"},{"key":"131_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.22912","volume":"33","author":"Y Hou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hou Y, Luo P, Ji G, Chen H (2019) Clinical significance of serum IGFBP-3 in colorectal cancer. J Clin Lab Anal 33:e22912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcla.22912","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"131_CR23","unstructured":"Inasu S, Thomas B, Kumari S, Ramesh A (n.d.) Evaluation of serum and salivary sialic acid and nitric oxide levels in chronic periodontitis patients. Int J Appl Dent Sci"},{"key":"131_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2021.105469","volume":"121","author":"F J\u00e4wert","year":"2021","unstructured":"J\u00e4wert F, Nyman J, Olsson E, Adok C, Helmersson M, \u00d6hman J (2021) Regular clinical follow-up of oral potentially malignant disorders results in improved survival for patients who develop oral cancer. Oral Oncol 121:105469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2021.105469","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"131_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.73339","volume":"6","author":"M Joshi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Joshi M, Patil R (2010) Estimation and comparative study of serum total sialic acid levels as tumour markers in oral cancer and precancer. J Cancer Res Ther 6:263\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0973-1482.73339","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Ther"},{"key":"131_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v9.i10.2178","volume":"9","author":"P Kongtawelert","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kongtawelert P, Tangkijvanich P, Ong-Chai S, Poovorawan Y (2003) Role of serum total sialic acid in differentiating cholangiocarcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 9:2178\u20132181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v9.i10.2178","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"131_CR27","first-page":"1839","volume":"25","author":"N Kurtul","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kurtul N, Cil MY, Bakan E (2004) The effects of alcohol and smoking on serum, saliva, and urine sialic acid levels. Saudi Med J 25:1839\u20131844","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"131_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.014","volume":"54","author":"FRM Leite","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leite FRM, Nascimento GG, Scheutz F, L\u00f3pez R (2018) Effect of smoking on periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-regression. Am J Prev Med 54:831\u2013841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.014","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"131_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3233\/CBM-160651","volume":"17","author":"S-X Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li S-X, Yang Y-Q, Jin L-J, Cai Z-G, Sun Z (2016) Detection of survivin, carcinoembryonic antigen and ErbB2 level in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Cancer Biomark 17:377\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/CBM-160651","journal-title":"Cancer Biomark"},{"key":"131_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.29018","volume":"10","author":"Y Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li Y, Xing C, Wei M, Wu H, Hu X, Li S, Sun G, Zhang G, Wu B, Zhang F, Li Z (2019) Combining red blood cell distribution width (RDW-CV) and CEA predict poor prognosis for survival outcomes in colorectal cancer. J Cancer 10:1162\u20131170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/jca.29018","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"key":"131_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Madhavi BV, Ravishankar B, Prithvi Raj B (2020) Tumour markers - a diagnostic tool in solid cancers. Indian J Basic Appl Med Res 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36848\/IJBAMR\/2020\/12114.51259","DOI":"10.36848\/IJBAMR\/2020\/12114.51259"},{"key":"131_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12726","volume":"47","author":"FW Mello","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mello FW, Miguel AFP, Dutra KL, Porporatti AL, Warnakulasuriya S, Guerra ENS, Rivero ERC (2018) Prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Pathol Med 47:633\u2013640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jop.12726","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"131_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2012.07.016","volume":"73","author":"K Michalakis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Michalakis K, Ilias I, Triantafyllou A, Polymeris A, Kastriotis I, Chairakaki A-D, Savopoulos C (2012) Detection of prostate cancer by sialic acid level in patients with non-diagnostic levels of prostate-specific antigen. Maturitas 73:325\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.maturitas.2012.07.016","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"131_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-007-9026-4","volume":"18","author":"DE Morse","year":"2007","unstructured":"Morse DE, Psoter WJ, Cleveland D, Cohen D, Mohit-Tabatabai M, Kosis DL, Eisenberg E (2007) Smoking and drinking in relation to oral cancer and oral epithelial dysplasia. Cancer Causes Control 18:919\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10552-007-9026-4","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"131_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2018-0411-SA","volume":"143","author":"S M\u00fcller","year":"2019","unstructured":"M\u00fcller S, Boy SC, Day TA, Magliocca KR, Richardson MS, Sloan P, Tilakaratne WM, Zain RB, Thompson LDR (2019) Data set for the reporting of oral cavity carcinomas: explanations and recommendations of the guidelines from the International Collaboration of Cancer Reporting. Arch Pathol Lab Med 143:439\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5858\/arpa.2018-0411-SA","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"131_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/ors.12771","volume":"16","author":"G Nayanar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nayanar G, Reddy MGS, Kakodkar P, Dony EC (2023) Malignant transformation rate of oral submucous fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Surg 16:220\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ors.12771","journal-title":"Oral Surg"},{"key":"131_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/172460088800300206","volume":"3","author":"L Negri","year":"1988","unstructured":"Negri L, Pacchioni D, Calabrese F, Giacomasso S, Mastromatteo V, Fazio M (1988) Serum and salivary Cea and Gica levels in oral cavity tumours. Int J Biol Markers 3:107\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/172460088800300206","journal-title":"Int J Biol Markers"},{"key":"131_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_499_19","volume":"23","author":"S Oktay","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oktay S, Bal OO, Kuru L, Yarat A, Noyan U (2020) Is sialic acid a promising marker for periodontal diseases? Niger J Clin Pract 23:603\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_499_19","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"key":"131_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3233\/CBM-150561","volume":"16","author":"A Pakdel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pakdel A, Malekzadeh M, Naghibalhossaini F (2016) The association between preoperative serum CEA concentrations and synchronous liver metastasis in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Biomark 16:245\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/CBM-150561","journal-title":"Cancer Biomark"},{"key":"131_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.18410\/jebmh\/2020\/594","volume":"7","author":"S Panda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Panda S, Panda B, Pattnaik B, Naik C, Dany SS, Avijeeta A (2020) Prevalence of oral submucous fibrosis in a tertiary care hospital of Odisha - a cross-sectional study. J Evid Based Med Healthc 7:2903\u20132906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18410\/jebmh\/2020\/594","journal-title":"J Evid Based Med Healthc"},{"key":"131_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4103\/njms.NJMS_32_17","volume":"8","author":"D Passi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Passi D, Bhanot P, Kacker D, Chahal D, Atri M, Panwar Y (2017) Oral submucous fibrosis: newer proposed classification with critical updates in pathogenesis and management strategies. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 8:89\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njms.NJMS_32_17","journal-title":"Natl J Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"131_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.303.4985","volume":"30","author":"M Rasool","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rasool M, Khan SR, Malik A, Khan KM, Zahid S, Manan A, Qazi MH, Naseer MI (2014) Comparative studies of salivary and blood sialic acid, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative status in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Pak J Med Sci 30:466\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12669\/pjms.303.4985","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"131_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ZC19","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2014\/9615.4800","volume":"8","author":"SR Rathod","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rathod SR, Khan F, Kolte AP, Gupta M (2014) Estimation of salivary and serum total sialic acid levels in periodontal health and disease. J Clin Diagn Res JCDR 8:ZC19\u2013ZC21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7860\/JCDR\/2014\/9615.4800","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res JCDR"},{"key":"131_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-0825.2003.01795.x","volume":"9","author":"GN Raval","year":"2003","unstructured":"Raval GN, Patel DD, Parekh LJ, Patel JB, Shah MH, Patel PS (2003) Evaluation of serum sialic acid, sialyltransferase and sialoproteins in oral cavity cancer. Oral Dis 9:119\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1601-0825.2003.01795.x","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"131_CR45","first-page":"563","volume":"55","author":"S Rezaei-Adl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rezaei-Adl S, Ghahroudi Tali A, Saffar H, Rajabiani A, Abdollahi A (2017) Comparing the levels of acute-phase reactants between smoker and nonsmoker diabetic patients: more predicted risk for cardiovascular diseases in smoker compared to nonsmoker diabetics. Acta Med Iran 55:563\u2013567","journal-title":"Acta Med Iran"},{"key":"131_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13437","volume":"109","author":"B Rizeq","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rizeq B, Zakaria Z, Ouhtit A (2018) Towards understanding the mechanisms of actions of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 in cancer progression. Cancer Sci 109:33\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cas.13437","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"131_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-019-01629-7","volume":"71","author":"PK Sahu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sahu PK, Kumar S (2019) Epidemiological aspects of oral cancer in North Indian population. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 71:944\u2013948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12070-019-01629-7","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"131_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Amarasinghe H, Subramanian S, Johnson N (2015) Oral Cancer: Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment. In: Gelband H, Jha P, Sankaranarayanan R, Horton S (eds) Cancer: Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 3). The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development \/ The World Bank, Washington (DC)","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-0349-9_ch5"},{"key":"131_CR49","first-page":"e11","volume":"66","author":"JJ Sciubba","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sciubba JJ, Larian B (2018) Oral squamous cell carcinoma: early detection and improved 5-year survival in 102 patients. Gen Dent 66:e11\u2013e16","journal-title":"Gen Dent"},{"key":"131_CR50","first-page":"223","volume":"5","author":"T Sebzda","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sebzda T, Saleh Y, Gburek J, Warwas M, Andrzejak R, Siewinski M, Rudnicki J (2006) Total and lipid-bound plasma sialic acid as diagnostic markers in colorectal cancer patients: correlation with cathepsin B expression in progression to Dukes stage. J Exp Ther Oncol 5:223\u2013229","journal-title":"J Exp Ther Oncol"},{"key":"131_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2022.110891","volume":"165","author":"M Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma M, Donoghue M, Pathiyal R, Radhakrishnan R (2022) Nicotine is an independent potential fibrogenic mediator in non-betel quid associated oral submucous fibrosis. Med Hypotheses 165:110891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2022.110891","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"131_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_113_17","volume":"22","author":"S Sharma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sharma S, Satyanarayana L, Asthana S, Shivalingesh K, Goutham BS, Ramachandra S (2018) Oral cancer statistics in India on the basis of first report of 29 population-based cancer registries. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 22:18\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_113_17","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Pathol"},{"key":"131_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2015.11.065","volume":"25","author":"CG S\u00f8rensen","year":"2016","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen CG, Karlsson WK, Pommergaard H-C, Burcharth J, Rosenberg J (2016) The diagnostic accuracy of carcinoembryonic antigen to detect colorectal cancer recurrence \u2013 a systematic review. Int J Surg 25:134\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijsu.2015.11.065","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"131_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_465_19","volume":"8","author":"R Srivastava","year":"2019","unstructured":"Srivastava R, Jyoti B, Pradhan D, Siddiqui Z (2019) Prevalence of oral submucous fibrosis in patients visiting dental OPD of a dental college in Kanpur: a demographic study. J Fam Med Prim Care 8:2612\u20132617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_465_19","journal-title":"J Fam Med Prim Care"},{"key":"131_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2021.105677","volume":"125","author":"A Subash","year":"2022","unstructured":"Subash A, Bylapudi B, Thakur S, Rao VUS (2022) Oral cancer in India, a growing problem: is limiting the exposure to avoidable risk factors the only way to reduce the disease burden? Oral Oncol 125:105677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2021.105677","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"131_CR56","first-page":"6","volume":"24","author":"R Swaminathan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Swaminathan R, Shanta V, Ferlay J, Balasubramanian S, Bray F, Sankaranarayanan R (2011) Trends in cancer incidence in Chennai city (1982\u20132006) and statewide predictions of future burden in Tamil Nadu (2007\u201316). Natl Med J India 24:6","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"key":"131_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.5114\/wo.2017.68628","volume":"21","author":"P Tandon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tandon P, Dadhich A, Saluja H, Bawane S, Sachdeva S (2017) The prevalence of squamous cell carcinoma in different sites of oral cavity at our Rural Health Care Centre in Loni, Maharashtra - a retrospective 10-year study. Contemp Oncol Poznan Pol 21:178\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/wo.2017.68628","journal-title":"Contemp Oncol Poznan Pol"},{"key":"131_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5851.96967","volume":"33","author":"SA Taqi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Taqi SA (2012) Clinical evaluation of total and lipid bound sialic acid levels in oral precancer and oral cancer. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 33:36\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0971-5851.96967","journal-title":"Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol"},{"key":"131_CR59","unstructured":"Tsoukalas N, Kostakis ID, Giaginis C, Tolia M, Kiakou M, Aravantinou-Fatorou E, Tsapakidis K, Baxevanos P, Litos I, Tzouda V, Tzovaras A, Tsiambas E, Theocharis S (n.d.) Carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19\u20139 serum levels in non-small cell lung cancer 5"},{"key":"131_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-019-01597-6","volume":"25","author":"M Ushigome","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ushigome M, Shimada H, Miura Y, Yoshida K, Kaneko T, Koda T, Nagashima Y, Suzuki T, Kagami S, Funahashi K (2020) Changing pattern of tumour markers in recurrent colorectal cancer patients before surgery to recurrence: serum p53 antibodies, CA19-9 and CEA. Int J Clin Oncol 25:622\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10147-019-01597-6","journal-title":"Int J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"131_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2013.01.004","volume":"115","author":"BN Vajaria","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vajaria BN, Patel KR, Begum R, Shah FD, Patel JB, Shukla SN, Patel PS (2013) Evaluation of serum and salivary total sialic acid and \u03b1-l-fucosidase in patients with oral precancerous conditions and oral cancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 115:764\u2013771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oooo.2013.01.004","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"key":"131_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-018-2408-z","volume":"473","author":"GW van Pelt","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Pelt GW, Kj\u00e6r-Frifeldt S, van Krieken JHJM, Al Dieri R, Morreau H, Tollenaar R, S\u00f8rensen FB, Mesker WE (2018) Scoring the tumour-stroma ratio in colon cancer: procedure and recommendations. Virchows Arch 473:405\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00428-018-2408-z","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"131_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vasudevan K, Hassan SS, Rocchetta D, Meenakshi A, Alshammari AS, Almutairi FJ, Jandrajupalli SB, Chandolu S, Nayyar AS (2025) Evaluation of carcinoembryonic antigen in serum and saliva of chronic tobacco users and oral squamous cell carcinoma patients: A Cross-sectional, clinical study. J Microsc Ultrastruct. 10.4103\/jmau.jmau_11_24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jmau.jmau_11_24","DOI":"10.4103\/jmau.jmau_11_24"},{"key":"131_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9611","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.22.9611","volume":"15","author":"B Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang B, He Y-J, Tian Y-X, Yang R-N, Zhu Y-R, Qiu H (2014) Clinical utility of haptoglobin in combination with CEA, NSE and CYFRA21-1 for diagnosis of lung cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 15:9611\u20139614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.22.9611","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"131_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211014795","volume":"100","author":"S Warnakulasuriya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Warnakulasuriya S, Kerr AR (2021) Oral cancer screening: past, present, and future. J Dent Res 100:1313\u20131320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345211014795","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"131_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13704","volume":"27","author":"S Warnakulasuriya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Warnakulasuriya S, Kujan O, Aguirre-Urizar JM, Bagan JV, Gonz\u00e1lez-Moles M\u00c1, Kerr AR, Lodi G, Mello FW, Monteiro L, Ogden GR, Sloan P, Johnson NW (2021) Oral potentially malignant disorders: a consensus report from an international seminar on nomenclature and classification, convened by the WHO collaborating centre for oral cancer. Oral Dis 27:1862\u20131880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/odi.13704","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"131_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2020.12.013","volume":"120","author":"Y-H Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu Y-H, Lin P-Y, Yang J-H, Kuo Y-S, Wu Y-C (2021) Serum levels and positive rates of tumour biomarkers in oral precancer patients. J Formos Med Assoc Taiwan Yi Zhi 120:1324\u20131331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfma.2020.12.013","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc Taiwan Yi Zhi"},{"key":"131_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(91)90013-c","volume":"49","author":"RD Xing","year":"1991","unstructured":"Xing RD, Chen RM, Wang ZS, Zhang YZ (1991) Serum sialic acid levels in patients with oral and maxillofacial malignancy. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 49:843\u2013847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0278-2391(91)90013-c","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"131_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6631856","volume":"2021","author":"H Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu H, Lyu F, Song J, Xu Y, Jiang E, Shang Z-J, Chen L, Xu Z (2021) Research achievements of oral submucous fibrosis: progress and prospect. Biomed Res Int 2021:6631856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/6631856","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"131_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang K, Yuan C, Tang H, Chen D (2016) Diagnostic values of serum tumour markers Cyfra21\u20131, SCCAg, ferritin, CEA, CA19\u20139, and AFP in oral\/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. OncoTargets Ther 3381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OTT.S105672","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S105672"},{"key":"131_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S105672","volume":"9","author":"C Yuan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yuan C, Yang K, Tang H, Chen D (2016) Diagnostic values of serum tumour markers Cyfra21-1, SCCAg, ferritin, CEA, CA19-9, and AFP in oral\/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 9:3381\u20133386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OTT.S105672","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther"},{"key":"131_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12767","volume":"47","author":"J Zheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zheng J, Sun L, Yuan W, Xu J, Yu X, Wang F, Sun L, Zeng Y (2018) Clinical value of Naa10p and CEA levels in saliva and serum for diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 47:830\u2013835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jop.12767","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"131_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020273","volume":"9","author":"X Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou X, Yang G, Guan F (2020) Biological functions and analytical strategies of sialic acids in tumor. Cells 9:273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells9020273","journal-title":"Cells"}],"container-title":["The Saudi Dental Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44445-026-00131-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44445-026-00131-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44445-026-00131-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T12:00:18Z","timestamp":1774872018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44445-026-00131-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44445-026-00131-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1013-9052","2524-1702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1013-9052","type":"print"},{"value":"2524-1702","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None declared.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}},{"value":"IEC approved. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics statement"}},{"value":"Consent from the participants for research and publication obtained.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Obtained.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"24"}}