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However, no application met the predefined criteria for higher clinical maturity because prospective clinical effectiveness remained insufficiently established. Other emerging or experimental applications include AI-assisted treatment planning, remote monitoring, large language models (LLMs), and robotic systems, for which evidence remains predominantly retrospective, technical, feasibility-based, or early clinical. However, much of the current evidence is derived from retrospective studies, technical validation investigations, and proof-of-concept reports, with limited prospective clinical data demonstrating improvements in treatment quality, efficiency, or long-term patient outcomes. Important challenges remain regarding data quality, algorithmic bias, external validation, explainability, patient privacy, and regulatory oversight. Overall, AI should currently be regarded as a clinician-supervised decision-support tool rather than a replacement for professional expertise. Future progress is likely to depend on robust prospective clinical trials, transparent reporting, and responsible integration of AI into evidence-based orthodontic practice and the broader digital transformation of dentistry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44445-026-00249-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T09:06:12Z","timestamp":1791536772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Artificial intelligence in orthodontics: clinical maturity, evidence gaps, and emerging applications\u2014a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7812-6141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanza","family":"Chandio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laiba","family":"Iftikhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8367-3085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anum","family":"Shehzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifrah","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minahil","family":"Waseem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9914-397X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Anas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Farrukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ammar","family":"Al Shalabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameh","family":"Talaat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5907-5398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinan","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8010-9265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma","family":"Hassanein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3219-9048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek","family":"Elshazly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"249_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9954615","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9954615","volume":"2021","author":"S Adel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adel S, Zaher A, El Harouni N, Venugopal A, Premjani P, Vaid N (2021) Robotic applications in orthodontics: changing the face of contemporary clinical care. 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