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The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study involved the retrospective analysis of anonymized CBCT images previously acquired for clinical purposes, with no additional imaging, intervention, or direct patient involvement. Individual written informed consent was considered not applicable because only retrospective anonymized imaging data were analyzed, as documented in the ethics application reviewed and approved by the REC. Written institutional permission to access and use the CBCT data for research purposes was also obtained from Tam Dental Clinic, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. The manuscript contains no identifiable personal data, patient photographs, or other information requiring individual consent for publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT (OpenAI) to assist with language editing, manuscript organization, and the development and verification of statistical-analysis code. Following use of this tool, the authors reviewed and verified the manuscript content, references, statistical outputs, and interpretations and take full responsibility for the content of the article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the manuscript preparation process","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"139"}}