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This study investigates the effects of steam-assisted respiratory muscle training (RMT) on polysomnographic (PSG) outcomes in patients with OSA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a 12-week open-label prospective pilot study, 60 working participants with mild to moderate OSA underwent individualized inspiratory and expiratory resistance training with adjunctive steam inhalation. PSG was conducted pre- and post-intervention. Primary outcomes included changes in respiratory indices (AHI, ODI\u2083, CT\u2089\u2080) and sleep quality metrics (sleep efficiency, WASO). Statistical analyses included the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, Paired T, Welch, or Wilcoxon comparing visits, Wilson CIs reporting responders, Mann-Whitney and Fisher assessing associations with significance set at\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 60 participants, 33 completed the study. Primary outcomes\u2013respiratory indices and sleep continuity metrics\u2013remained unchanged (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Secondary analyses showed reduced REM latency, increased REM duration, and fewer periodic limb movements and arousal-related events (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Steam-assisted RMT did not significantly alter respiratory or sleep continuity indices but was associated with modest changes in REM architecture and limb movements. These findings should be interpreted cautiously, as exploratory observations in a non-controlled pilot setting. Larger randomized, sham-controlled trials with objective adherence monitoring are warranted to confirm these preliminary results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s44470-025-00036-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T15:29:06Z","timestamp":1770823746000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Steam-assisted respiratory muscle training may improve sleep quality in mild-to-moderate obstructive sleep apnea: a pilot polysomnography study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6688-4136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usame","family":"Al-Rammahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Soukka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Rimpil\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Malinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RP.","family":"Happonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Sovij\u00e4rvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Anttalainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"36_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.29252\/NIRP.BCN.9.2.147","volume":"9","author":"K Shahveisi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shahveisi K, Jalali A, Moloudi MR, Moradi S, Maroufi A, Khazaie H. 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The study protocol was approved by the Clinical Research permission YZ34456.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Consent for publication was requested and obtained from all participants prior to data collection.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"32"}}