{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:27:00Z","timestamp":1792783620505,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21HD097491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21HD097491"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NHLBI","award":["T32HL130025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HL130025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012pb6c26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017540","name":"NHLBI Division of Intramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1F31HL156426-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1F31HL156426-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017540","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Sleep Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s44470-026-00187-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:23:26Z","timestamp":1791217406000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Racial\/ethnic disparities in grade point averages and absences among 9th graders in Georgia: the role of sleep differences"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Henok Mulatu","family":"Teferi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina Marie","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Hale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayna A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6630-7273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie A.","family":"Gazmararian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"187_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.15740\/HAS\/ARJSS\/6.2\/203-208","volume":"6","author":"MK Rathore","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rathore MK, Sangwan S. Academic performance of adolescents: an indicator of prosperous life. Adv Res J Soc Sci. 2015;6(2):203\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15740\/HAS\/ARJSS\/6.2\/203-208.","journal-title":"Adv Res J Soc Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.7275\/hz5x-tx03","volume":"20","author":"TT York","year":"2015","unstructured":"York TT, Gibson C, Rankin S. Defining and measuring academic success. Pract Assess Res Eval. 2015;20(1):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7275\/hz5x-tx03.","journal-title":"Pract Assess Res Eval"},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543075001063","volume":"75","author":"NR Kuncel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kuncel NR, Cred\u00e9 M, Thomas LL. The validity of self-reported grade point averages, class ranks, and test scores: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Rev Educ Res. 2005;75(1):63\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/00346543075001063.","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"187_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2014.02.008","volume":"24","author":"F L\u00ea-Scherban","year":"2014","unstructured":"L\u00ea-Scherban F, Diez Roux AV, Li Y, Morgenstern H. Does academic achievement during childhood and adolescence benefit later health? Ann Epidemiol. 2014;24(5):344\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2014.02.008.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"187_CR5","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Enhancing educational performance: three policy alternatives. Wisconsin Family Impact Seminars Briefing Report No. 11","author":"L Magdol","year":"1998","unstructured":"Magdol L. Risk factors for adolescent academic achievement. In: Bogenschneider K, Olson J, editors. Enhancing educational performance: three policy alternatives. Wisconsin Family Impact Seminars Briefing Report No. 11. Madison, WI: Center for Excellence in Family Studies, School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1998. p. 1\u201314."},{"key":"187_CR6","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol behaviors and academic grades. 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyschools\/health_and_academics\/alcohol_use.htm. Accessed 20 Aug 2026."},{"issue":"2","key":"187_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654313518441","volume":"84","author":"V Busch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Busch V, Loyen A, Lodder M, Schrijvers AJP, van Yperen TA, de Leeuw JR. The effects of adolescent health-related behavior on academic performance: a systematic review of the longitudinal evidence. Rev Educ Res. 2014;84(2):245\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0034654313518441.","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"187_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.2337","volume":"75","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Ohlsson H, Fagan AA, Lichtenstein P, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Academic achievement and drug abuse risk assessed using instrumental variable analysis and co-relative designs. JAMA Psychiat. 2018;75(11):1182\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.2337.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"3","key":"187_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.07.012","volume":"28","author":"CA Kearney","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kearney CA. School absenteeism and school refusal behavior in youth: a contemporary review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28(3):451\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.07.012.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"187_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1300\/J134v06n02_02","volume":"6","author":"J Battle","year":"2002","unstructured":"Battle J, Lewis M. The increasing significance of class: the relative effects of race and socioeconomic status on academic achievement. J Poverty. 2002;6(2):21\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J134v06n02_02.","journal-title":"J Poverty"},{"issue":"2","key":"187_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-7379.2007.00072.x","volume":"41","author":"JE Glick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Glick JE, Hohmann-Marriott B. Academic performance of young children in immigrant families: the significance of race, ethnicity, and national origins. Int Migr Rev. 2007;41(2):371\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1747-7379.2007.00072.x.","journal-title":"Int Migr Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"187_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1177\/0038040710375689","volume":"83","author":"C Riegle-Crumb","year":"2010","unstructured":"Riegle-Crumb C, Grodsky E. Racial-ethnic differences at the intersection of math course-taking and achievement. Sociol Educ. 2010;83(3):248\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0038040710375689.","journal-title":"Sociol Educ"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"187_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1080\/10824669.2018.1428610","volume":"23","author":"KA Gee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gee KA. Minding the gaps in absenteeism: disparities in absenteeism by race\/ethnicity, poverty and disability. J Educ Stud Placed Risk. 2018;23(1\u20132):204\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10824669.2018.1428610.","journal-title":"J Educ Stud Placed Risk"},{"key":"187_CR14","unstructured":"The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. The racial gap in attendance and absenteeism in public schools. 2021. https:\/\/jbhe.com\/2021\/01\/the-racial-gap-in-attendance-and-absenteeism-in-public-schools\/.\u00a0Access 20 Aug 2026."},{"key":"187_CR15","unstructured":"Ford JE, Triplett N. E(race)ing inequities: chronic absenteeism.\u00a0EdNC. 2019. https:\/\/www.ednc.org\/eraceing-inequities-chronic-absenteeism\/. Accessed 20 Aug 2026."},{"issue":"3","key":"187_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.09.004","volume":"54","author":"LD Asarnow","year":"2014","unstructured":"Asarnow LD, McGlinchey E, Harvey AG. The effects of bedtime and sleep duration on academic and emotional outcomes in a nationally representative sample of adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2014;54(3):350\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.09.004.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"187_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.4067\/s0034-98872017000901106","volume":"145","author":"M Bugue\u00f1o","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bugue\u00f1o M, Curihual C, Olivares P, Wallace J, L\u00f3pez-Alegr\u00cda F, Rivera-L\u00f3pez G, et al. Quality of sleep and academic performance in high school students. Rev Med Chil. 2017;145(9):1106\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4067\/s0034-98872017000901106.","journal-title":"Rev Med Chil"},{"issue":"3","key":"187_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.10.004","volume":"14","author":"JF Dewald","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dewald JF, Meijer AM, Oort FJ, Kerkhof GA, B\u00f6gels SM. The influence of sleep quality, sleep duration and sleepiness on school performance in children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2010;14(3):179\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.10.004.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"187_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-021-01031-1","volume":"9","author":"KJ Mehta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mehta KJ. Effect of sleep and mood on academic performance\u2014at interface of physiology, psychology, and education. Humanit Soc Sci Commun. 2022;9:16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41599-021-01031-1.","journal-title":"Humanit Soc Sci Commun"},{"key":"187_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S237267","volume":"12","author":"L Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin L, Somerville G, Boursier J, Santisteban JA, Gruber R. Sleep duration is associated with academic achievement of adolescent girls in mathematics. Nat Sci Sleep. 2020;12:173\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NSS.S237267.","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"187_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.04.015","volume":"83","author":"LA Musshafen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Musshafen LA, Tyrone RS, Abdelaziz A, Sims-Gomillia CE, Pongetti LS, Teng F, et al. Associations between sleep and academic performance in US adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. 2021;83:71\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.04.015.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"187_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2006.12.002","volume":"8","author":"SJ Crowley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Crowley SJ, Acebo C, Carskadon MA. Sleep, circadian rhythms, and delayed phase in adolescence. Sleep Med. 2007;8(6):602\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2006.12.002.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730402239679","volume":"18","author":"T Roenneberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Merrow M. Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes. J Biol Rhythms. 2003;18(1):80\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0748730402239679.","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"issue":"24","key":"187_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.11.039","volume":"14","author":"T Roenneberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roenneberg T, Kuehnle T, Pramstaller PP, Ricken J, Havel M, Guth A, et al. A marker for the end of adolescence. Curr Biol. 2004;14(24):R1038-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2004.11.039.","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"187_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s40675-015-0022-z","volume":"1","author":"T Partonen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Partonen T. Chronotype and health outcomes. Curr Sleep Med Rep. 2015;1(4):205\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40675-015-0022-z.","journal-title":"Curr Sleep Med Rep"},{"key":"187_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.05.004","volume":"33","author":"KJ Egan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Egan KJ, Knutson KL, Pereira AC, von Schantz M. The role of race and ethnicity in sleep, circadian rhythms and cardiovascular health. Sleep Med Rev. 2017;33:70\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.05.004.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"187_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.12.021","volume":"54","author":"K Roeser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roeser K, Schlarb AA, K\u00fcbler A. The chronotype-academic performance model (CAM): daytime sleepiness and learning motivation link chronotype and school performance in adolescents. Pers Individ Dif. 2013;54(7):836\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2012.12.021.","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2017.1387792","volume":"35","author":"M Cohen-Zion","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cohen-Zion M, Shiloh E. Evening chronotype and sleepiness predict impairment in executive abilities and academic performance of adolescents. Chronobiol Int. 2018;35(1):137\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07420528.2017.1387792.","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"21","key":"187_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114305","volume":"19","author":"S Figueiredo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Figueiredo S, Jo\u00e3o R, Alho L, Hip\u00f3lito J. Psychological research on sleep problems and adjustment of working hours during teleworking in the COVID-19 pandemic: an exploratory study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21):14305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192114305.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494814556647","volume":"43","author":"M Hysing","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hysing M, Haugland S, Stormark KM, B\u00f8e T, Sivertsen B. Sleep and school attendance in adolescence: results from a large population-based study. Scand J Public Health. 2015;43(1):2\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1403494814556647.","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"187_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.01.012","volume":"18","author":"N Slopen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Slopen N, Lewis TT, Williams DR. Discrimination and sleep: a systematic review. Sleep Med. 2016;18:88\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.01.012.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"187_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpeds.2023.100080","volume":"6","author":"EJ Choi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choi EJ, King GK, Duerden EG. Screen time in children and youth during the pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Glob Pediatr. 2023;6:100080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gpeds.2023.100080.","journal-title":"Glob Pediatr"},{"key":"187_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.986687","volume":"13","author":"E Choi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Choi E, Yoon EH, Park MH. Game-based digital therapeutics for children and adolescents: their therapeutic effects on mental health problems, the sustainability of the therapeutic effects and the transfer of cognitive functions. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:986687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.986687.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"187_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.10083","volume":"8","author":"C Kjolhede","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kjolhede C, Brunner WM, Sipple JW. School-based health centers and school attendance in rural areas. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(5):e2510083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.10083.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"187_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2006.00498.x","volume":"16","author":"AJ Fuligni","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fuligni AJ, Hardway C. Daily variation in adolescents\u2019 sleep, activities, and psychological well-being. J Res Adolesc. 2006;16(3):353\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2006.00498.x.","journal-title":"J Res Adolesc"},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2017.09.005","volume":"4","author":"D Guglielmo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guglielmo D, Gazmararian JA, Chung J, Rogers AE, Hale L. Racial\/ethnic sleep disparities in US school-aged children and adolescents: a review of the literature. Sleep Health. 2018;4(1):68\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleh.2017.09.005.","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"187_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13234","volume":"91","author":"T Yip","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yip T, Cheon YM, Wang Y, Cham H, Tryon W, El-Sheikh M. Racial disparities in sleep: associations with discrimination among ethnic\/racial minority adolescents. Child Dev. 2020;91(3):914\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdev.13234.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2018.09.010","volume":"5","author":"JP Smith","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smith JP, Hardy ST, Hale LE, Gazmararian JA. Racial disparities and sleep among preschool aged children: a systematic review. Sleep Health. 2019;5(1):49\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleh.2018.09.010.","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"187_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2018.07.008","volume":"4","author":"LE Philbrook","year":"2018","unstructured":"Philbrook LE, Shimizu M, Buckhalt JA, El-Sheikh M. Sleepiness as a pathway linking race and socioeconomic status with academic and cognitive outcomes in middle childhood. Sleep Health. 2018;4(5):405\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleh.2018.07.008.","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"issue":"210","key":"187_CR40","first-page":"58782","volume":"62","author":"Office of Management and Budget","year":"1997","unstructured":"Office of Management and Budget. Revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. Fed Regist. 1997;62(210):58782\u201390.","journal-title":"Fed Regist"},{"issue":"4","key":"187_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06149.x","volume":"69","author":"AR Wolfson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wolfson AR, Carskadon MA. Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents. Child Dev. 1998;69(4):875\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06149.x.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"187_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2007.07.005","volume":"11","author":"T Roenneberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roenneberg T, Kuehnle T, Juda M, Kantermann T, Allebrandt K, Gordijn M, et al. Epidemiology of the human circadian clock. Sleep Med Rev. 2007;11(6):429\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2007.07.005.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"187_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980020002050","volume":"24","author":"AH Grummon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grummon AH, Sokol RL, Lytle LA. Is late bedtime an overlooked sleep behaviour? Investigating associations between sleep timing, sleep duration and eating behaviours in adolescence and adulthood. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24(7):1671\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980020002050.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"187_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890802634175","volume":"91","author":"S Coxe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Coxe S, West SG, Aiken LS. The analysis of count data: a gentle introduction to poisson regression and its alternatives. J Pers Assess. 2009;91(2):121\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223890802634175.","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"6","key":"187_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2020.1777133","volume":"27","author":"MJ Valente","year":"2020","unstructured":"Valente MJ, Rijnhart JJ, Smyth HL, Muniz FB, MacKinnon DP. Causal mediation programs in R, Mplus, SAS, SPSS, and Stata. Struct Equ Model. 2020;27(6):975\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705511.2020.1777133.","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"issue":"9","key":"187_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab055","volume":"190","author":"M Samoilenko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Samoilenko M, Lefebvre G. Parametric-regression\u2013based causal mediation analysis of binary outcomes and binary mediators: moving beyond the rareness or commonness of the outcome. Am J Epidemiol. 2021;190(9):1846\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwab055.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"187_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/bmsp.12028","volume":"67","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hayes AF, Preacher KJ. Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable. Br J Math Stat Psychol. 2014;67(3):451\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bmsp.12028.","journal-title":"Br J Math Stat Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"187_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-2241\/a000069","volume":"9","author":"A Palmer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Palmer A, Losilla JM, Vives J, Jimenez R, Llorens N. Correction to Palmer et al. (2007). Methodology (Gott). 2013;9(4):178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1614-2241\/a000069.","journal-title":"\u00a0Methodology (Gott)"},{"issue":"20","key":"187_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013233","volume":"19","author":"S Figueiredo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Figueiredo S, Vieira R. The effect of chronotype on oppositional behaviour and psychomotor agitation of school-age children: a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(20):13233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192013233.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01676-4","volume":"31","author":"M Hysing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hysing M, Heradstveit O, Harvey AG, Nilsen SA, B\u00f8e T, Sivertsen B. Sleep problems among adolescents within child and adolescent mental health services. An epidemiological study with registry linkage. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022;31(1):121\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01676-4.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"187_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615570365","volume":"26","author":"JA Okonofua","year":"2015","unstructured":"Okonofua JA, Eberhardt JL. Two strikes: race and the disciplining of young students. Psychol Sci. 2015;26(5):617\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797615570365.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"187_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.09.249","volume":"159","author":"ME Billings","year":"2021","unstructured":"Billings ME, Cohen RT, Baldwin CM, Johnson DA, Palen BN, Parthasarathy S, et al. Disparities in sleep health and potential intervention models: a focused review. Chest. 2021;159(3):1232\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2020.09.249.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"187_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kurtz-Costes B, Swinton AD, Skinner OD. Racial and ethnic gaps in the school performance of Latino, African American, and White students. In: Leong FTL, Comas-D\u00edaz L, Nagayama Hall GC, McLoyd VC, Trimble JE, editors. APA handbook of multicultural psychology, Vol. 1. Theory and research. American Psychological Association; 2014. p. 231\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/14189-012.","DOI":"10.1037\/14189-012"},{"key":"187_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105623","volume":"119","author":"TM Jones","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jones TM, Fleming C, Williford A, Research and evaluation team of seattle public schools. Racial equity in academic success: the role of school climate and social emotional learning. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;119:105623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105623.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"key":"187_CR55","unstructured":"de Brey C, Musu L, McFarland J, Wilkinson-Flicker S, Diliberti M, Zhang A, et al.\u00a0Status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups 2018.\u00a0National Center for Education Statistics (NCES).\u00a02019. https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/use-work\/resource-library\/report\/compendium\/status-and-trends-education-racial-and-ethnic-groups-2018. Accessed 21 Aug 2026."},{"issue":"2","key":"187_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy212","volume":"42","author":"NG Nahmod","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nahmod NG, Lee S, Master L, Chang AM, Hale L, Buxton OM. Later high school start times associated with longer actigraphic sleep duration in adolescents. Sleep. 2019;42(2):zsy212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsy212.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2021.10.008","volume":"8","author":"TD Ziporyn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ziporyn TD, Owens JA, Wahlstrom KL, Wolfson AR, Troxel WM, Saletin JM, et al. Adolescent sleep health and school start times: setting the research agenda for California and beyond. A research summit summary. Sleep Health. 2022;8(1):11\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleh.2021.10.008.","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"187_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2019.00061","volume":"4","author":"GA Melvin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Melvin GA, Heyne D, Gray KM, Hastings RP, Totsika V, Tonge BJ, et al. The Kids and Teens at School (KiTeS) framework: an inclusive bioecological systems approach to understanding school absenteeism and school attendance problems. Front Educ (Lausanne). 2019;4:61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2019.00061.","journal-title":"Front Educ (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"7","key":"187_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2023-326331","volume":"109","author":"S Kosola","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kosola S, Kullberg M, Melander K, Engblom J, Ranta K, Alanko K. Associations of excessive internet use, sleep duration and physical activity with school absences: a cross-sectional, population-based study of adolescents in years 8 and 9. Arch Dis Child. 2024;109(7):570\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2023-326331.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"187_CR60","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sleep and health. 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyschools\/sleep.htm.\u00a0Accessed 21 Aug 2026."},{"issue":"1","key":"187_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2014.12.010","volume":"1","author":"M Hirshkowitz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, Alessi C, Bruni O, DonCarlos L, et al. National Sleep Foundation\u2019s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health. 2015;1(1):40\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleh.2014.12.010.","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"187_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae062","volume":"47","author":"GM Mathew","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mathew GM, Reichenberger DA, Master L, Buxton OM, Chang AM, Hale L. Actigraphic sleep dimensions and associations with academic functioning among adolescents. Sleep. 2024;47(7):zsae062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsae062.","journal-title":"Sleep"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44470-026-00187-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44470-026-00187-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s44470-026-00187-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:03:31Z","timestamp":1791263011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s44470-026-00187-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44470-026-00187-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-9389","1550-9397"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-9389","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-9397","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 October 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All procedures conducted in research involving human participants adhered to the ethical principles established by the institutional and\/or national research committee, as well as the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments or equivalent ethical guidelines. No animal studies were conducted by any of the authors in this article. The study protocol received approval from Emory University IRB (IRB00111438).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Dr. Hale was previously Chair of the National Sleep Foundation and between 2015 and 2020 received an honorarium for her role as Editor-in-Chief of Sleep Health. She receives honoraria for other speaking engagements and is a paid consultant for the Alliance for Sleep by Idorsia. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"182"}}