{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T10:56:41Z","timestamp":1775732201240,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Dordrecht","reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Netherlands","isbn-type":[{"value":"9781402039744","type":"print"},{"value":"9781402039751","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3975-1_11","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]],"date-time":"2006-10-01T06:23:56Z","timestamp":1159683836000},"page":"153-168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Natural Philosophy and Mathematics in Portuguese Universities, 1550\u20131650"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Lu\u00eds Miguel","family":"Carolin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"11_CR1","unstructured":"See, especially, M. Feingold, \u201cTradition versus Novelty: Universities and Scientific Societies in the Early Modern Period\u201d, in P. Barker and R. Ariew (ed.), Revolution and Continuity. Essays in the History and Philosophy of Early Modern Science (Washington, 1991), pp. 45\u201359 and J. Gascoigne, \u201cA Reappraisal of the Role of the Universities in the Scientific Revolution\u201d, in D. Linberg and R. Westman (eds.), Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 207\u2013260."},{"key":"11_CR2","volume-title":"Hist\u00f3ria da Companhia de Jesus na Assist\u00eancia de Portugal","author":"F. Rodrigues","year":"1931","unstructured":"The best overview of the Jesuit enterprise in Portugal is still the massive: F. Rodrigues, Hist\u00f3ria da Companhia de Jesus na Assist\u00eancia de Portugal, 4 Tomes in 7 Vols. (Porto: Livraria Apostolado da Imprensa, 1931\u20131950). See also D. Alden, The Making of an Enterprise. The Society of Jesus in Portugal, its Empire, and Beyond, 1540\u20131750 (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1996)."},{"key":"11_CR3","unstructured":"See M. Brand\u00e3o, O Col\u00e9gio das Artes (Coimbra, 1924)."},{"key":"11_CR4","unstructured":"See R. de Carvalho, Historia do Ensino em Portugal. Desde a Funda\u00e7\u00e3o da Nacionalidade at\u00e9e o fim do Regime de Salazar-Caetano (Lisbon, 1986), pp. 269\u2013299 and F. Rodrigues, Hist\u00f3ria da Companhia de Jesus: t. I, Vol. II, pp. 336\u2013400."},{"key":"11_CR5","unstructured":"Estatutos ordenados pelo muy alto Princepe e seren\u00edssimo senhor Dom Anrique... pera a universidade que ordenou e fundou na cidade d\u2019Evora, B.N.L., Cod. 8014, pp. 181\u2013182."},{"key":"11_CR6","unstructured":"Commentarii Collegii Conimbricensis Societatis Iesu In Quatuor Libros De Coelo (Lisbon, 1593), Lib. 2, cap. 3, pp. 155\u2013197."},{"key":"11_CR7","unstructured":"See R. Arriaga, Cursus Philosophicus, Antu\u00e9rpia, ex Officina Plantiniana Balthasaris Moreti, 1632, Disputatio unica Caelestis, section 6, p. 507."},{"key":"11_CR8","unstructured":"See Thomas Compton-Carleton, Philosophia Universa, Antu\u00e9rpia, Apud Jacobum Meursium, 1649, In libros de Coelo, disp. 2, section 4, p. 404."},{"key":"11_CR9","unstructured":"Indeed, according to him, \u201cIn hac conclusione est controversia inter Auctores, et huic aduersatur Auer. et alij apud Conimb.2 Coeli, cap. 3 quaest.3 et Picus Mirand. contra Astrol. qui putant esse asylum ignorantiae recurrere ad Coeli influentias ubi causa alicuius effectus sit obscura. Est tamen communior inter Philosophos, ut ostendunt Conimbr. art.2 et probatur primo...\u201d-Niccolo Cabeo S.J., In quatuor libros Meteorologicorum Aristotelis Commentaria et Quaestiones..., Roma, Typis Haeredum Francisci Corbelletti, 1646, Lib.1, textus 5, quaest.2, p. 34."},{"key":"11_CR10","first-page":"1","volume":"17","author":"E. Grant","year":"1987","unstructured":"E. Grant, \u201cMedieval and Renaissance Scholastic Conceptions of the Influence of the Celestial Region on the Terrestrial\u201d, Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies J 17:1\u201323 (1987) and J. North, \u201cCelestial Influence\u2014The Major Premise of Astrology\u201d, in P. Zambelli (ed.), Astrologi hallucinati\u2019. Stars and the end of the World in Luther\u2019s time (Berlin, 1986), pp. 45\u2013100.","journal-title":"Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies J"},{"key":"11_CR11","unstructured":"Commentarii Collegii Conimbricensis Societatis Iesu In Quatuor Libros De Coelo, Lib. 1, cap. 2, quast. 5, art. 2, pp. 39\u201340."},{"key":"11_CR12","unstructured":"\u201c(...) Motus solis affert quadripartitam anni distinctionem, quae duo aequinoctia Vere et Autumno, ac totidem solistitia aestate et Hyeme complectitur.\u201d\u2014Diogo Lopes S.J., Compendium Totius Philosophiae..., 1623, B.G.U.C.\u2014Ms.2314, Liber secundus Coelorum, cap. 3, quaest. 1, fl. 76."},{"key":"11_CR13","unstructured":"Bento Rodrigues S.J., Caelorum liber, Generaois, et aliae simul traditur, et explicatur a sapientissimo Patre Benedicto Rois Societatis Jesu in Collegio diui Antonij eiusdem Societatis, anno domini 1664, 1664, B.A., C\u00f3d. 50\u2014III\u201417, Tractatus De Caelo et Mundo, quaest. 3, art. 3, p. 24 and the following ones."},{"key":"11_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199248421.003.0003","volume":"16","author":"L. M. Carolin","year":"2001","unstructured":"For a more detailed examination on the controversy on comets in Portugal see: L. M. Carolin, \u201cPhilosophical teaching and mathematical arguments: Jesuit philosophers versus Jesuit mathematicians on the controversy of comets in Portugal (1577\u20131650)\u201d, History of Universities 16 (2001), pp. 65\u201395.","journal-title":"History of Universities"},{"key":"11_CR15","unstructured":"L. de Cerqueira S.J., Commentarii in Libros Meteorum Aristotelis, B.G.U.C., Ms. 2414, cap. 6, fls. 223-223v."},{"key":"11_CR16","unstructured":"Baltazar do Amaral S.J., Doctrina Philosophica Auctore Ludovico Dias Franco, Lisboa, ex Officina Petri Craesbeek, 1618, De Meteoris, quaest. 2, cap. 3, 198. (Baltazar do Amaral published this book under the pseudonym of Lu\u00eds Dias Franco)."},{"key":"11_CR17","unstructured":"Francisco Rodrigues S.J., Compedium Philosophycum De Metheoris, Parvis Naturalibus, De Coelo, item de Generatione, et Corruptione, De Anima coniuncta materiae et ab illa separata Denique De Ethicis traditum a..., Ullyssipone Ano Domini 162 l 9..., B.G.U.C.\u2014Ms. 2316, Metheoris, cap. 10, fls. 4-4v."},{"key":"11_CR18","unstructured":"Baltazar Teles S.J., Summa Philosophiae... Pars secunda in Libros Physicorum et in Libros de Coelo ac Meteorum, Lisboa, ex Officina Laurentij de Anveres, 1642, De Meteoris, disp. 1, section 2, p. 380."},{"key":"11_CR19","unstructured":"Baltazar Teles S.J, Summa Universae Philosophiae... cit., Physica, disp. 22, sectio 4, pp. 199\u2013201; Francico Soares S.J., Cursus Philosophicus... cit., Physica, disp. 2, sectio 6, pp. 23\u201325."},{"key":"11_CR20","unstructured":"Francisco da Cruz S.J., Institutiones Phisicorum. 3 a Pars: De Corpore animato, s.e et anima Tradita a Sapientissimo P. M. Francisco da Crux Societatis Jesu, Accepit Simon dos Sanctos eiusdem Societatis. Anno a reparata salute 1665, 1665, B.G.U.C.\u2014Ms. 2367, Sinopsis 1 a: Pro Mundo et Coelo, section 4, art. 1, fls. 232v\u2013235v."},{"key":"11_CR21","unstructured":"Ant\u00f3nio Cordeiro S.J., Cursus Philosophicus Conimbricensis auctore... in tres partes distributus: Prima Logicam amplectitur; Secunda Physicam, cum corpoream, tum spiritualem; Tertia enucleabit Metaphysicam, Lisboa, ex Officina Regia Deslandesiana, 1714, tract. III, disp.2, quaest.2, art. 2, pp. 633\u2013635."},{"key":"11_CR22","unstructured":"See, among others, R. Ariew, Descartes and the Last Scholastics (Ithaca, 1999)."},{"key":"11_CR23","unstructured":"These ages were established using the Catalogi breves et triennales, A.R.S.I.: Lus. 39, fl.7; Lus. 44, II, fls. 310v, 446v, 491v, 578."},{"key":"11_CR24","unstructured":"The statutes of the University of \u00c9vora state that: \u201cAvera na universidade como fica dito quatro cursos de Artes dos quais hum comecara cada anno o segundo dia de Outubro, e durar\u00e1 quatro annos cada hum dos tres primeiros sera de des meses de leitura, e o quarto de seis mezes, que acabara no derradeiro de Mar\u00e7o.\u201d Estatutos ordenados pelo muy alto Princepe e seren\u00edssimo senhor Dom Anrique(...), B.N.L., Cod. 8014, p. 181."},{"key":"11_CR25","unstructured":"Cfr. J. P. Gomes, Os Professores de Filosofia da Universidade de \u00c9vora ( \u00c9vora, 1960), p. 41."},{"key":"11_CR26","first-page":"114","volume-title":"Estatutos da Universidade de Coimbra (1559)","year":"1963","unstructured":"\u201c(...) o oppositor de Mathematicas ler\u00e1 duas lis\u00f5is de ponto, huma em Euclides e outra na Theorica dos Planetas; e na opposi\u00e7\u00e3o da cadeira de Musiqua n\u00e3o aver\u00e1 li\u00e7\u00e3o de ponto, porem o tal oppositor ser\u00e1 examinado na Theoriqua de Musiqua pollo catedratico de Mathematicas\u201d, in S. Leite, (ed.), Estatutos da Universidade de Coimbra (1559) (Coimbra: Por ordem da Universidade, 1963), pp. 114\u2013115."},{"key":"11_CR27","unstructured":"S. Leite (ed.), Estatutos da Universidade de Coimbra (1559), p. 94."},{"key":"11_CR28","first-page":"3","volume":"20","author":"J. F. Gomes","year":"1986","unstructured":"After 1559, new University Statutes for the University of Coimbra were presented in the years of 1591, 1597, and 1654 and the corresponding texts have survived to our days. Judging by the number of new University Statutes in the period 1537\u20131772, the desire of the Reform movement seems to have been constant in this period. See J. F. Gomes, \u201cOs v\u00e1rios Estatutos por que se regeu a Universidade Portuguesa ao longo da sua hist\u00f3ria\u201d, Revista Portuguesa de Pedagogia 20:3\u201362 (1986).","journal-title":"Revista Portuguesa de Pedagogia"},{"key":"11_CR29","unstructured":"In fact, of the various men that are known to have substituted Nunes in his absences\u2014Ant\u00f3nio de Sousa, Francisco Calado, Manuel de Pina, Pedro de Sousa, Pedro da Cunha, Nicolau Coelho do Amaral\u2014only N. Coelho do Amaral published work on mathematics\u2014a rather uninteresting Chronologia, 1554."},{"key":"11_CR30","unstructured":"T. Braga, Hist\u00f3ria da Universidade de Coimbra, 4 Vols. (Lisboa, 1892\u20131902). See esp. Vol. 2, pp. 812\u2013835."},{"key":"11_CR31","first-page":"80","volume-title":"Rela\u00e7\u00e3o Geral do Estado da Universidade, 1777","author":"F. Lemos de","year":"1980","unstructured":"\u201cPor que consta que desde o anno de 1612 at\u00e9 o de 1653, em que se passou o longo intervalo de 41 annos, esteve vaga a Cadeira de Mathematica sem Professor que a regesse: E que desde este anno at\u00e9 a prezente Reforma so fora regida por tres Professores, Gaspar de Mere, O Padre Jo\u00e3o Coning Jezuita, e o Padre Fr. Ignacio de Atayde Beneditino, havendo longas vacancias entre huns e outros; e sendo esta ultima de mais de 60 annos\u201d. Francisco de Lemos, Rela\u00e7\u00e3o Geral do Estado da Universidade, 1777 (Coimbra, por ordem da Universidade, 1980), p. 80."},{"key":"11_CR32","unstructured":"For an authoritative explanation of the divorce between the University and the Maritime Expansion, see: Lu\u00eds de Albuquerque, \u201cA N\u00e1utica e a Cartografia em Portugal nos s\u2019eculos XV e XVI\u201d, in A Universidade e os Descobrimentos (Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda, 1993), pp. 91\u2013101."},{"key":"11_CR33","unstructured":"There is a considerable body of literature to back this assertion. A particularly penetrating analysis can be found in Francisco Contente Domingues, \u201cHorizontes mentais dos homens do mar no s\u00e9culo XVI. A arte n\u00e1utica portuguesa e a ci\u00eancia moderna\u201d, in Viagens e Viajantes no Atl\u00e2ntico Quinhentista (Lisboa: Colibri, 1996), pp. 203\u2013218."},{"key":"11_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/03085699308592761","volume":"45","author":"W. G. L. Randles","year":"1993","unstructured":"The most irrefutable and clear destruction of this myth is W. G. L. Randles, \u201cThe alleged nautical school founded in the 15th century at Sagres by Prince Henry of Portugal, called the \u2018Navigator\u2019\u201d, Imago Mundi, 45:20\u201328 (1993).","journal-title":"Imago Mundi"},{"key":"11_CR35","first-page":"227","volume":"13","author":"A. Teixeira da Mota","year":"1969","unstructured":"The Cosm\u00f3grafo-Mor and, in general, the problem of nautical teaching are analised in A. Teixeira da Mota, \u201cOs Regimentos do Cosm\u00f3grafo-Mor de 1559 e 1592 e as origens do ensino n\u00e1utico em Portugal\u201d, Mem\u00f3rias da Academia das Ci\u00eancias de Lisboa (Classde Ci\u00eancias) 13:227\u2013291 (1969).","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias da Academia das Ci\u00eancias de Lisboa (Classde Ci\u00eancias)"},{"key":"11_CR36","unstructured":"F. Rodrigues, Hist\u00f3ria da Companhia de Jesus; Lu\u00eds de Albuquerque, \u201cA Aula da Esfera do Col\u00e9gio de Santo Ant\u00e3o no s\u00e9culo XVII\u201d, in Estudos de Hist\u00f3ria (Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra, 1974), Vol. 2, pp. 127\u2013200 [Originally: Anais (Academia Portuguesa de Hist\u00f3ria), 21 (1972) pp. 337\u2013391]; U. Baldini, \u201cAs Assist\u00eancias ib\u00e9ricas da Companhia de Jesus e a actividade cient\u00edfica nas Miss\u00f5es Asi\u00e1ticas (1578\u20131640). Alguns aspectos culturais e institucionais\u201d, Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia, 54 (1998) 195\u2013245, and U. Baldini, \u201cL\u2019insegnamento della matematica nel collegio di S. Ant\u00e3o a Lisbona, 1590\u20131640\u201d, Saggi sulla cultura della Compagnia di Ges\u00f9 (secoli XVI\u2013XVIII) (Padova: CLEUP, 2000) pp. 129\u2013167."},{"key":"11_CR37","unstructured":"This does not mean that the quality of the mathematical classes was necessarily inferior to those given in Lisbon. For example, some competent mathematical teachers taught in Coimbra: J. Raston, J. Konig, A. Buckowski, A. Thomas, M. Soares, and A. Castelo-Branco."},{"key":"11_CR38","unstructured":"Precise documentation on the foundation of this Aula is lacking, but all sources attribute its foundation to King D. Sebasti\u00e3o. Such as, for example, the opinion of a later Jesuit-mathematician, Manuel de Campos, in the preface of his Elementos de Geometria Plana e S\u00d3lida (Lisboa, 1735)."},{"key":"11_CR39","unstructured":"See Lu\u00eds de Albuquerque, \u201cA Aula da Esfera do Col\u00e9gio de Santo Ant\u00e3o no s\u00e9culo XVII\u201d."},{"key":"11_CR40","unstructured":"On the Tienwen l\u00fce, see P. M. D\u2019Elia, Galileo in China. Relations through the Roman College between Galileo and the Jesuit-Scientist Missionaries (1610\u20131640), (Cambridge, 1960)."}],"container-title":["Archimedes","Universities and Science in the Early Modern Period"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/1-4020-3975-1_11","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T20:23:15Z","timestamp":1707250995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/1-4020-3975-1_11"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006]]},"ISBN":["9781402039744","9781402039751"],"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/1-4020-3975-1_11","relation":{},"ISSN":["1385-0180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1385-0180","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006]]}}}