{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T05:46:55Z","timestamp":1771566415124,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Berlin, Heidelberg","reference-count":170,"publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783540094883","type":"print"},{"value":"9783540352105","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1978,1,1]],"date-time":"1978-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":252460800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1978]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-08907-1_2","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,23]],"date-time":"2012-02-23T20:23:35Z","timestamp":1330028615000},"page":"35-88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":355,"title":["Optical measurement of membrane potential"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Lawrence B.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Brian M.","family":"Salzberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(76)90126-7","volume":"426","author":"K.E.O. \u00c5kerman","year":"1976","unstructured":"\u00c5kerman, K.E.O., Saris, N.-E.L.: Stacking of safranine in liposomes during valinomycin-induced efflux of potassium ions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 426, 624\u2013629 (1976)","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(76)80434-6","volume":"68","author":"K.E.O. \u00c5kerman","year":"1976","unstructured":"\u00c5kerman, K.E.O., Wikstr\u00f6m, M.K.F.: Safranine as a probe of the mitochondrial membrane potential. FEBS Lett. 68, 191\u2013197 (1976)","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2_CR3","volume-title":"Nervous Inhibition","author":"A. Arvanitaki","year":"1961","unstructured":"Arvanitaki, A., Chalazonitis, N.: Excitatory and inhibitory processes initiated by light and infra-red radiations in single identifiable nerve cells (giant ganglion cells of Aplysia). In: Nervous Inhibition. E. Florey (ed.). New York: Pergamon Press 1961"},{"key":"2_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/09291017509359494","volume":"6","author":"I.E. Ashkenazi","year":"1975","unstructured":"Ashkenazi, I.E., Hartman, H., Strulovitz, B., Dar, O.: Activity rhythms of enzymes in human red blood cell suspensions. J. Interdiscipl. Cycle Res. 6, 291\u2013301 (1975)","journal-title":"J. Interdiscipl. Cycle Res."},{"key":"2_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(69)90727-X","volume":"37","author":"A. Azzi","year":"1969","unstructured":"Azzi, A.: Redistribution of the electrical charge of the mitochondrial membrane during energy conservation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 37, 254\u2013260 (1969)","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033583500001803","volume":"8","author":"A. Azzi","year":"1975","unstructured":"Azzi, A.: The application of fluorescent probes in membrane studies. Q. Rev. Biophys. 8, 237\u2013316 (1975)","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biophys."},{"key":"2_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.62.2.612","volume":"62","author":"A. Azzi","year":"1969","unstructured":"Azzi, A., Chance, B., Radda, G.K., Lee, C.P.: A fluorescence probe of energy-dependent structure changes in fragmented membranes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 62, 612\u2013619 (1969)","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)77185-3","volume":"246","author":"A. Azzi","year":"1971","unstructured":"Azzi, A., Gherardini, P., Santato, M.: Fluorochrome interaction with the mitochondrial membrane. The effect of energy conservation. J. Biol. Chem. 246, 2035\u20132042 (1971)","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(70)80139-9","volume":"7","author":"A. Azzi","year":"1970","unstructured":"Azzi, A., Santato, M.: Energy dependent interaction of oligomycin and dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide with the mitochondrial membrane. FEBS Lett. 7, 135\u2013138 (1970)","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2728(70)90154-4","volume":"216","author":"L.E. Bakeeva","year":"1970","unstructured":"Bakeeva, L.E., Grinius, L.L., Jasaitis, A.A., Kuliene, V.V., Levitzky, D.O., Liberman, E.A., Severina, I.I., Skulachev, V.P.: Conversion of biomembrane-produced energy into electric form. II. Intact mitochondria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 216, 13\u201321 (1970)","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1975.sp011209","volume":"253","author":"P.F. Baker","year":"1975","unstructured":"Baker, P.F., Rink, T.J.: Catecholamine release from bovine adrenal medulla in response to maintained depolarization. J. Physiol. 253, 593\u2013620 (1975)","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1969.217.5.1425","volume":"217","author":"W.H. Barry","year":"1969","unstructured":"Barry, W.H., Carnay, L.D.: Changes in light scattered by striated muscle during excitation-contraction coupling. Am. J. Physiol. 217, 1425\u20131430 (1969)","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/253097a0","volume":"253","author":"S.M. Baylor","year":"1975","unstructured":"Baylor, S.M., Oetliker, H.: Birefringence experiments on isolated skeletal muscle fibres suggest a possible signal from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Nature 253, 97\u2013101 (1975)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1977.sp011661","volume":"264","author":"S.M. Baylor","year":"1977","unstructured":"Baylor, S.M., Oetliker, H.: A large birefringence signal preceding contraction in single twitch fibres of the frog. J. Physiol. 264, 141\u2013162 (1977a)","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1977.sp011662","volume":"264","author":"S.M. Baylor","year":"1977","unstructured":"Baylor, S.M., Oetliker, H.: The optical properties of birefringence signals from single muscle fibres. J. Physiol. 264, 163\u2013198 (1977b)","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1977.sp011663","volume":"264","author":"S.M. Baylor","year":"1977","unstructured":"Baylor, S.M., Oetliker, H.: Birefringence signals from surface and T-system membranes of frog single muscle fibres. J. Physiol. 264, 199\u2013213 (1977c)","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1975.sp010912","volume":"246","author":"F. Bezanilla","year":"1975","unstructured":"Bezanilla, F., Horowicz, P.: Fluorescence intensity changes associated with contractile activation in frog muscle stained with Nile blue A. J. Physiol. 246, 709\u2013735 (1975)","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/233152a0","volume":"233","author":"A.E. Blaurock","year":"1971","unstructured":"Blaurock, A.E., Stoeckenius, W.: Structure of the purple membrane. Nature (New Biol.) 233, 152\u2013155 (1971)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1975.sp010949","volume":"247","author":"M.P. Blaustein","year":"1975","unstructured":"Blaustein, M.P., Goldring, J.M.: Membrane potentials in pinched-off presynaptic nerve terminals monitored with a fluorescent probe: Evidence that synaptosomes have potassium diffusion potentials. J. Physiol. 247, 589\u2013615 (1975)","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1002\/jss.400020520","volume":"2","author":"R. Bogomolni","year":"1974","unstructured":"Bogomolni, R., Stoeckenius, W.: Bacteriorhodopsin: photosignal transduction and photoenergy transduction in different biological systems. J. Supramol. Struct. 2, 775\u2013780 (1974)","journal-title":"J. Supramol. Struct."},{"key":"2_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/23\/1\/303","volume":"23","author":"H.J.J. Braddick","year":"1960","unstructured":"Braddick, H.J.J.: Photoelectric photometry. Rep. Prog. Physics 23, 154\u2013175 (1960)","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Physics"},{"key":"2_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(76)80090-3","volume":"72","author":"J.S. Bramhall","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bramhall, J.S., Morgan, J.I., Perris, A.D., Britten, A.Z.: The use of a fluorescent probe to monitor alterations in trans-membrane potential in single cell suspensions. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 72, 654\u2013662 (1976)","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00652a006","volume":"15","author":"G.J. Brewer","year":"1976","unstructured":"Brewer, G.J.: The state of energization of the membrane of Escherichia coli as affected by physiological conditions and colicin K. Biochemistry 15, 1387\u20131392 (1976)","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1160721","volume":"116","author":"J.R. Brocklehurst","year":"1970","unstructured":"Brocklehurst, J.R., Freedman, R.B., Hancock, D.J., Radda, G.K.: Membrane studies with polarity-dependent and excimer-forming fluorescent probes. Biochem. J. 116, 721\u2013731 (1970)","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"2_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(75)85891-7","volume":"15","author":"J.E. Brown","year":"1975","unstructured":"Brown, J.E., Cohen, L.B., De Weer, P., Pinto, L.H., Ross, W.N., Salzberg, B.M.: Rapid changes of intracellular free calcium concentration; detection by metallochromic indicator dyes in squid giant axon. Biophys. J. 15, 1155\u20131160 (1975)","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"2_CR26","unstructured":"Callahan, T.J., Hoffman, J.F.: Membrane potentials in human red blood cells due to proton gradients. Biophys. J. 16, 169a (1976)"},{"key":"2_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00535758","volume":"1","author":"E. Carbone","year":"1975","unstructured":"Carbone, E., Conti, F., Fioravanti, R.: Fluorescence polarization studies of squid giant axons stained with N-methylanilinonaphthalenesulfonates. Biophys. Struct. Mech. 1, 221\u2013237 (1975)","journal-title":"Biophys. Struct. Mech."},{"key":"2_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00535371","volume":"2","author":"E. Carbone","year":"1976","unstructured":"Carbone, E., Malerba, F., Poli, M.: Orientation and rotational freedom of fluorescence probes in lecithin bilayers. Biophys. Struct. Mech. 2, 251\u2013267 (1976)","journal-title":"Biophys. Struct. Mech."},{"key":"2_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1126\/science.165.3893.608","volume":"165","author":"L.D. Carnay","year":"1969","unstructured":"Carnay, L.D., Barry, W.H.: Turbidity, birefringence, and fluorescence changes in skeletal muscle coincident with the action potential. Science 165, 608\u2013609 (1969)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2_CR30","first-page":"329","volume-title":"Perspectives in Membrane Biology","author":"B. Chance","year":"1974","unstructured":"Chance, B., Baltscheffsky, M., Vanderkooi, J., Cheng, W.: Localized and delocalized potentials in biological membranes. In: Perspectives in Membrane Biology. Estrada, S., Gitter, C. (eds.). New York: Academic Press 1974, pp. 329\u2013369"},{"key":"2_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(69)80229-2","volume":"4","author":"B. Chance","year":"1969","unstructured":"Chance, B., Lee, C.P.: Comparison of fluorescence probe and light-scattering readout of structural states of mitochondrial membrane fragments. FEBS Lett. 4, 181\u2013184 (1969)","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"issue":"I","key":"2_CR32","first-page":"133","volume":"2","author":"B. Chance","year":"1976","unstructured":"Chance, B., Mayevsky, A., Smith, J.: Localized and delocalized potentials in the rat brain cortex. Neurosci. Abstr. 2\/I, 133 (1976)","journal-title":"Neurosci. Abstr."},{"key":"2_CR33","unstructured":"Chance, B., Pring, M., Azzi, A., Lee, C.P., Mela, L.: Kinetics of membrane transitions. Biophys. J. 9, 90a (1969)"},{"key":"2_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)57191-5","volume":"217","author":"B. Chance","year":"1955","unstructured":"Chance, B., Williams, G.R.: Respiratory enzymes in oxidative phosphorylation. III. The steady state. J. Biol. Chem. 217, 409\u2013427 (1955)","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1973.53.2.373","volume":"53","author":"L.B. Cohen","year":"1973","unstructured":"Cohen, L.B.: Changes in neuron structure during action potential propagation and synaptic transmission. Physiol. Rev. 53, 373\u2013418 (1973)","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"2_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1970.sp009289","volume":"211","author":"L.B. Cohen","year":"1970","unstructured":"Cohen, L.B., Hille, B., Keynes, R.D.: Changes in axon birefringence during the action potential. J. Physiol. 211, 495\u2013515 (1970)","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1971.sp009611","volume":"218","author":"L.B. Cohen","year":"1971","unstructured":"Cohen, L.B., Hille, B., Keynes, R.D., Landowne, D., Rojas, E.: Analysis of the potential-dependent changes in optical retardation in the squid giant axon. J. Physiol. 218, 205\u2013237 (1971)","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/218438a0","volume":"218","author":"L.B. Cohen","year":"1968","unstructured":"Cohen, L.B., Hille, B., Keynes, R.D.: Light scattering and birefringence changes during nerve activity. Nature 218, 438\u2013441 (1968)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008876","volume":"203","author":"L.B. Cohen","year":"1969","unstructured":"Cohen, L.B., Keynes, R.D., Hille, B.: Light scattering and birefringence changes during activity in the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus, J. Physiol. 203, 489\u2013509 (1969)","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1972.sp009919","volume":"224","author":"L.B. Cohen","year":"1972","unstructured":"Cohen, L.B., Keynes, R.D., Landowne, D.: Changes in light scattering that accompany the action potential in squid giant axons: potential-dependent components. J. Physiol. 224, 701\u2013725 (1972)","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR41","first-page":"418","volume":"139","author":"L.B. Cohen","year":"1970","unstructured":"Cohen, L.B., Landowne, D., Shrivastav, B.B., Ritchie, J.M.: Changes in fluorescence of squid axons during activity. Biol. Bull, Mar. Biol. Lab. Woods Hole 139, 418\u2013419 (1970)","journal-title":"Biol. Bull, Mar. Biol. Lab. Woods Hole"},{"key":"2_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01869968","volume":"19","author":"L.B. Cohen","year":"1974","unstructured":"Cohen, L.B., Salzberg, B.M., Davila, H.V., Ross, W.N., Landowne, D., Waggoner, A.S., Wang, C.H.: Changes in axon fluorescence during activity: molecular probes of membrane potential. J. Memb. Biol. 19, 1\u201336 (1974)","journal-title":"J. Memb. Biol."},{"key":"2_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bb.04.060175.001443","volume":"4","author":"F. Conti","year":"1975","unstructured":"Conti, F.: Fluorescent probes in nerve membranes. Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 4, 287\u2013310 (1975)","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng."},{"key":"2_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01022558","volume":"1","author":"F. Conti","year":"1974","unstructured":"Conti, F., Fioravanti, R., Malerba, F., Wanke, E.: A comparative analysis of extrinsic fluorescence in nerve membranes and lipid bilayers. Biophys. Struct. Mech. 1, 27\u201345 (1974)","journal-title":"Biophys. Struct. Mech."},{"key":"2_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1126\/science.169.3952.1322","volume":"169","author":"F. Conti","year":"1970","unstructured":"Conti, F., Tasaki, I.: Changes in extrinsic fluorescence in squid axons during voltage-clamp. Science 169, 1322\u20131324 (1970)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01194261","volume":"8","author":"F. Conti","year":"1971","unstructured":"Conti, F., Tasaki, I., Wanke, E.: Fluorescence signals in ANS-stained squid axons during voltage clamp. Biophys. 8, 58\u201370 (1971)","journal-title":"Biophys."},{"key":"2_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.55.6.703","volume":"55","author":"L.L. Costantin","year":"1970","unstructured":"Costantin, L.L.: The role of sodium current in the radial spread of contraction in frog muscle fibres. J. Gen. Physiol. 55, 703\u2013715 (1970)","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01870080","volume":"15","author":"H.V. Davila","year":"1974","unstructured":"Davila, H.V., Cohen, L.B., Salzberg, B.M., Shrivastav, B.B.: Changes in ANS and TNS fluorescence in giant axons from Loligo. J. Memb. Biol. 15, 29\u201346 (1974)","journal-title":"J. Memb. Biol."},{"key":"2_CR49","unstructured":"Davila, H.V., Cohen, L.B., Waggoner, A.S.: Changes in axon fluorescence during activity. Biophys. J. 12, 124a (1972)"},{"key":"2_CR50","first-page":"159","volume":"241","author":"H.V. Davila","year":"1973","unstructured":"Davila, H.V., Salzberg, B.M., Cohen, L.B., Waggoner, A.S.: A large change in axon fluorescence that provides a promising method for measuring membrane potential. Nature (New Biol.) 241, 159\u2013160 (1973)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(76)90154-9","volume":"451","author":"M.J. Doughty","year":"1976","unstructured":"Doughty, M.J., Dodd, G.H.: Fluorometric determination of the resting potential changes associated with the chemotactic response in Paramecium. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 451, 592\u2013603 (1976)","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1967.sp008239","volume":"191","author":"W.W. Douglas","year":"1967","unstructured":"Douglas, W.W., Kanno, T., Sampson, S.R.: Influence of the ionic environment on the membrane potential of adrenal chromaffin cells and on the depolarizing effect of acetylcholine. J. Physiol. 191, 107\u2013121 (1967)","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)73639-9","volume":"129","author":"D.L. Drabkin","year":"1939","unstructured":"Drabkin, D.L., Singer, R.B.: Spectrophotometric studies. VI. A study of the absorption spectra of non-hemolyzed erythrocytes and of scattering of light by suspensions of particles, with a note upon the spectrophotometric determination of pH within the erythrocyte. J. Biol. Chem. 129, 739\u2013757 (1939)","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dragsten, P.R., Webb, W.W.: Mechanism of membrane potential sensitivity of mero-cyanine 540. Biophys. J. 17, 215a (1977)","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00617a024"},{"key":"2_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033583500001190","volume":"2","author":"S. Ebashi","year":"1969","unstructured":"Ebashi, S., Endo, M., Ohtsuki, I.: Control of muscle contraction. Q. Rev. Biophys. 2, 351\u2013384 (1969)","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biophys."},{"key":"2_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1971.sp009459","volume":"215","author":"R.S. Eisenberg","year":"1971","unstructured":"Eisenberg, R.S., Howell, J.N., Vaughan, P.C.: The maintenance of resting potentials in glycerol-treated muscle fibres. J. Physiol. 215, 95\u2013102 (1971)","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1515\/znb-1969-0912","volume":"24b","author":"H.M. Emrich","year":"1969","unstructured":"Emrich, H.M., Junge, W., Witt, H.T.: Further evidence for an optical response of chloroplast bulk pigments to a light induced electric field in photosynthesis. Z. Natur-forsch. 24b, 1144\u20131146 (1969)","journal-title":"Z. Natur-forsch."},{"key":"2_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2728(76)90176-6","volume":"423","author":"S.J. Ferguson","year":"1976","unstructured":"Ferguson, S.J., Lloyd, W.J., Radda, G.K.: On the nature of the energized state of submitochondrial particles; investigations with N-aryl napthalene sulfonate probes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 423, 174\u2013188 (1976)","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01872408","volume":"16","author":"P.A.G. Fortes","year":"1974","unstructured":"Fortes, P.A.G., Hoffman, J.F.: Interaction of fluorescent probes with anion permeability pathways of human red cells. J. Memb. Biol. 16, 79\u2013100 (1974)","journal-title":"J. Memb. Biol."},{"key":"2_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2728(74)90069-3","volume":"357","author":"C.F. Fowler","year":"1974","unstructured":"Fowler, C.F., Kok, B.: Direct observation of a light-induced electric field in chloroplasts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 357, 308\u2013318 (1974)","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.47.2.488","volume":"47","author":"C. Franzini-Armstrong","year":"1970","unstructured":"Franzini-Armstrong, C.: Studies of the triad. I. Structure of the junction in frog twitch fibres. J. Cell Biol. 47, 488\u2013499 (1970)","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2_CR62","unstructured":"Freedman, J.C., Hoffman, J.F.: Donnan equilibria and membrane potentials in human red blood cells: A calibration of the fluorescent probe, diS-C3(5). Biophys. J. 17, 151a (1977)"},{"key":"2_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(73)90155-7","volume":"323","author":"P. Fromherz","year":"1973","unstructured":"Fromherz, P.: A new method for investigation of lipid assemblies with a lipoid pH indicator in monomolecular films. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 323, 326\u2013334 (1973)","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(74)90267-3","volume":"356","author":"P. Fromherz","year":"1974","unstructured":"Fromherz, P., Masters, B.: Interfacial pH at electrically charged lipid monolayers investigated by the lipoid pH-indicator method. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 356, 270\u2013275 (1974)","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2_CR65","first-page":"14","volume-title":"Society for Neuroscience Sample Expanded Abstracts","author":"J.M. Goldring","year":"1973","unstructured":"Goldring, J.M., Blaustein, M.P.: Synaptosome membrane potential changes monitored with a fluorescent probe. Society for Neuroscience Sample Expanded Abstracts. Los Angeles: Brain Information Service 1973, pp. 14\u201315"},{"key":"2_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4831-9971-9.50008-0","volume":"3","author":"G.D. Greville","year":"1969","unstructured":"Greville, G.D.: A scrutiny of Mitchell's chemiosmotic hypothesis of respiratory chain and photosynthetic phosphorylation. Curr. Top. Bioenerg. 3, 1\u201378 (1969)","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Bioenerg."},{"key":"2_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2728(70)90153-2","volume":"216","author":"L.L. Grinius","year":"1970","unstructured":"Grinius, L.L., Jasaitis, A.A., Kadziauskas, Yu.P., Liberman, E.A., Skulachev, V.P., Topali, V.P., Tsofina, L.M., Vladimirova, M.A.: Conversion of biomembrane produced energy into electrical form. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 216, 1\u201312 (1970)","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2_CR68","first-page":"178","volume":"3","author":"A. Grinvald","year":"1977","unstructured":"Grinvald, A., Cohen, L.B.: Optical monitoring of activity in barnacle neurons in response to light stimulation of the median photoreceptors. Neurosci. Abstr. 3, 178 (1977)","journal-title":"Neurosci. Abstr."},{"key":"2_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/268140a0","volume":"268","author":"A. Grinvald","year":"1977","unstructured":"Grinvald, A., Salzberg, B.M., Cohen, L.B.: Simultaneous recording from several neurons in an invertebrate central nervous system. Nature 268, 140\u2013142 (1977)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(76)80356-0","volume":"67","author":"H. Hartman","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hartman, H., Ashkenazi, I., Epel, B.L.: Circadian changes in membrane properties of human red blood cells in vitro, as measured by a membrane probe. FEBS Lett. 67, 161\u2013163 (1976)","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01870191","volume":"17","author":"D.H. Haynes","year":"1974","unstructured":"Haynes, D.H.: 1-Anilino-8-Naphthalenesulfonate: A fluorescent indicator of ion binding and electrostatic potential on the membrane surface. J. Memb. Biol. 17, 341\u2013366 (1974)","journal-title":"J. Memb. Biol."},{"key":"2_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01869512","volume":"33","author":"D.H. Haynes","year":"1977","unstructured":"Haynes, D.H., Simkowitz, P.: 1-Anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: a fluorescent probe of ion and ionophore transport kinetics and transmembrane asymmetry. J. Memb. Biol. 33, 63\u2013108 (1977)","journal-title":"J. Memb. Biol."},{"key":"2_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1950.sp004480","volume":"111","author":"D.K. Hill","year":"1950","unstructured":"Hill, D.K.: The effect of stimulation on the opacity of a crustacean nerve trunk and its relation to fibre diameter. J. Physiol. 111, 283\u2013303 (1950)","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1953.sp004862","volume":"119","author":"D.K. Hill","year":"1953","unstructured":"Hill, D.K.: The effect of stimulation on the diffraction of light by striated muscle. J. Physiol. 119, 501\u2013512 (1953)","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1976.sp011632","volume":"263","author":"S.B. Hladky","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hladky, S.B., Rink, T.J.: Potential difference and the distribution of ions across the human red blood cell membrane: A study of the mechanism by which the fluorescent cation diS-C3(5) reports the membrane potential. J. Physiol. 263, 287\u2013319 (1976a)","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213p","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1976.sp011632","volume":"263","author":"S.B. Hladky","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hladky, S.B., Rink, T.J.: pH changes in human erythrocytes reported by 3,3\u2032 dipropyl-thiadicarbocyanine, diS-C3(5). J. Physiol. 263, 213p\u2013214p (1976b)","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1960.sp006541","volume":"153","author":"A.L. Hodgkin","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hodgkin, A.L., Horowicz, P.: Potassium contracturesin single muscle fibres. J. Physiol. 153, 386\u2013403 (1960)","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004716","volume":"116","author":"A.L. Hodgkin","year":"1952","unstructured":"Hodgkin, A.L., Huxley, A.F., Katz, B.: Measurement of current-voltage relations in the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo. J. Physiol. 116, 424\u2013448 (1952)","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1974.sp010581","volume":"239","author":"J.F. Hoffman","year":"1974","unstructured":"Hoffman, J.F., Laris, P.C.: Determination of membrane potentials in human and Amphiuma red blood cells by means of a fluorescent probe. J. Physiol. 239, 519\u2013552 (1974)","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR80","unstructured":"Hoffman, J.F., Lassen, U.V.: Plasma membrane potential in Amphiuma red cells. Abst. XXV Int. Congr. Physiol. Sci. Munich, 1971"},{"key":"2_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V51.4.741.741","volume":"51","author":"W.C. Home","year":"1978","unstructured":"Home, W.C., Whitin, J.C., Simons, E.R.: Platelet membrane potential changes in response to thrombin stimulation of aggregation. Blood 51, 741\u2013749 (1978)","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2_CR82","first-page":"711","volume":"31","author":"A. Illanes","year":"1975","unstructured":"Illanes, A., von Muralt, A.: Fluorescence probe signals from excited heart muscle. Experientia 31, 711 (1975)","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"2_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(69)80230-9","volume":"4","author":"J.B. Jackson","year":"1969","unstructured":"Jackson, J.B., Crofts, A.R.: The high energy state in chromatophores from Rhodo-pseudomonas spheroides. FEBS Lett. 4, 185\u2013189 (1969)","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01222.x","volume":"18","author":"J.B. Jackson","year":"1971","unstructured":"Jackson, J.B., Crofts, A.R.: The kinetics of light induced carotenoid changes in Rhodo-pseudomonas spheroides and their relation to electrical field generation across the chromatophore membrane. Eur. J. Biochem. 18, 120\u2013130 (1971)","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"2_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2728(71)90144-7","volume":"234","author":"A.A. Jasaitis","year":"1971","unstructured":"Jasaitis, A.A., Kuliene, V.V., Skulachev, V.P.: Anilinonaphthalensulfonate fluorescence changes induced by non-enzymatic generation of membrane potential in mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 234, 177\u2013181 (1971)","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(66)90588-2","volume":"25","author":"F.F. J\u00f6bsis","year":"1966","unstructured":"J\u00f6bsis, F.F., O'Connor, M.J.: Calcium release and reabsorption in the sartorius muscle of the toad. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 25, 246\u2013252 (1966)","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/183411a0","volume":"183","author":"B.M. Johnstone","year":"1959","unstructured":"Johnstone, B.M.: Microelectrode penetration of ascites tumour cells. Nature 183, 411 (1959)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1515\/znb-1968-0222","volume":"23b","author":"W. Junge","year":"1968","unstructured":"Junge, W., Witt, H.T.: On the ion transport system of photosynthesis-investigations on a molecular level. Z. Naturforsch. 23b, 244\u2013254 (1968)","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch."},{"key":"2_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamino, K., Ogawa, M., Uyesaka, N., Inouye, A.: Membrane potential changes in isolated synaptic membrane ghosts monitores with merocyanine-540. Jap. J. Physiol. (1978) (in press)","DOI":"10.2170\/jjphysiol.28.225"},{"key":"2_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01869977","volume":"19","author":"J.H. Kaplan","year":"1974","unstructured":"Kaplan, J.H., Passow, H.: Effects of phlorizin on net chloride movements across the valinomycin-treated erythrocyte membrane. J. Memb. Biol. 19, 179\u2013194 (1974)","journal-title":"J. Memb. Biol."},{"key":"2_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(74)80061-6","volume":"59","author":"E.R. Kashket","year":"1974","unstructured":"Kashket, E.R., Wilson, T.H.: Protonmotive force in fermenting Streptococcus lactis 7962 in relation to sugar accumulation. Biochem. Biophys, Res. Commun. 59, 879\u2013886 (1974)","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys, Res. Commun."},{"key":"2_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(76)80012-9","volume":"62","author":"K.W. Kinnally","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kinnally, K.W., Tedeschi, H.: Phosphorylation without protonmotive force. FEBS Lett. 62, 41\u201346 (1976a)","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2_CR93","unstructured":"Kinnally, K.W., Tedeschi, H.: Phosphorylation without protonmotive force. Biophys. J. 16, 18a (1976b)"},{"key":"2_CR94","unstructured":"Kinnally, K.W., Tedeschi, H.: Electrofluorimetric estimates of membrane potential in metabolizing mitochondria. Biophys. J. 17, 33a (1977)"},{"key":"2_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.69.3.363","volume":"69","author":"P.A. Knauf","year":"1977","unstructured":"Knauf, P.A., Fuhrmann, G.F., Rothstein, S., Rothstein, A.: The relationship between anion exchange and net anion flow across the human red blood cell membrane. J. Gen. Physiol. 69, 363\u2013386 (1977)","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/265556a0","volume":"265","author":"L. Kovacs","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kovacs, L., Schneider, M.F.: Increased optical transparency associated with excitation-contraction coupling in voltage-clamped cut skeletal muscle fibres. Nature 265, 556\u2013560 (1977)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krasne, S.: Cyanine dye-induced electrical and fluorescence effects in neutral and negative bilayer membranes. Biophys. J. 17, 214a (1977)","DOI":"10.2142\/biophys.17.214"},{"key":"2_CR98","unstructured":"Landowne, D.: Changes in fluorescence of skeletal muscle stained with merocyanine associated with excitation-contraction coupling. J. Gen. Physiol. 64, 5a (1974)"},{"key":"2_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2728(75)90163-2","volume":"376","author":"P.C. Laris","year":"1975","unstructured":"Laris, P.C., Bahr, D.P., Chaffee, R.R.J.: Membrane potential in mitochondrial preparations as measured by means of cyanine dye. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 376, 415\u2013425 (1975)","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(74)90591-9","volume":"57","author":"P.C. Laris","year":"1974","unstructured":"Laris, P.C., Pershadsingh, H.A.: Estimations of membrane potentials in Streptococcus faecalis by means of a fluorescent probe. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 57, 620\u2013626 (1974)","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(76)90209-1","volume":"436","author":"P.C. Laris","year":"1976","unstructured":"Laris, P.C., Pershadsingh, H.A., Johnstone, R.M.: Monitoring membrane potentials in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by means of a fluorescent dye. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 436, 475\u2013488 (1976)","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2_CR102","first-page":"291","volume-title":"Oxygen affinity of hemoglobin and red cell acid base status","author":"U.V. Lassen","year":"1972","unstructured":"Lassen, U.V.: Membrane potential and membrane resistance in red cells. In: Oxygen affinity of hemoglobin and red cell acid base status. Roth, M., Astrup, P. (eds.). New York: Academic Press 1972, pp. 291\u2013304"},{"key":"2_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02116574","volume":"6","author":"U.V. Lassen","year":"1971","unstructured":"Lassen, U.V., Nielsen, A.-M.T., Pape, L., Simonsen, L.O.: The membrane potential of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Microelectrode measurements and their critical evaluation. J. Memb. Biol. 6, 269\u2013288 (1971)","journal-title":"J. Memb. Biol."},{"key":"2_CR104","first-page":"218","volume-title":"Regulation of Metabolic Processes in Mitochondria","author":"C.-P. Lee","year":"1966","unstructured":"Lee, C.-P., Ernster, L.: The energy-linked nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase reaction: its characteristics and its use as a tool for the study of oxidative phosphorylation. In: Regulation of Metabolic Processes in Mitochondria. Tager, J.M., Papa, S., Quagliariello, E., Slater, E.C. (eds.). Amsterdam: Elsevier 1966, pp. 218\u2013234"},{"key":"2_CR105","first-page":"152","volume-title":"Applied Optics: A Guide to Optical System Design","author":"L. Levi","year":"1968","unstructured":"Levi, L.: Applied Optics: A Guide to Optical System Design. New York: John Wiley 1968, pp. 152\u2013155"},{"key":"2_CR106","volume-title":"Structural changes of cell membranes","author":"S.V. Levin","year":"1976","unstructured":"Levin, S.V.: Structural changes of cell membranes. Leningrad: Izdatel'stuo \u201cNauka\u201d, Leningrad Branch 1976"},{"key":"2_CR107","first-page":"180","volume":"13","author":"S.V. Levin","year":"1968","unstructured":"Levin, S.V., Rozenthal, D.L., Komissarchik, Ya.Yu.: Structural changes in the axon membrane on excitation. Biofizika 13, 180\u2013182 (1968)","journal-title":"Biofizika"},{"key":"2_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/191144a0","volume":"191","author":"P. Mitchell","year":"1961","unstructured":"Mitchell, P.: Coupling of phosphorylation to electron and hydrogen transfer by a chemi-osmotic type of mechanism. Nature 191, 144\u2013148 (1961)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2_CR109","volume-title":"Chemiosmotic Coupling in Oxidative and Photosynthetic Phosphorylation","author":"P. Mitchell","year":"1966","unstructured":"Mitchell, P.: Chemiosmotic Coupling in Oxidative and Photosynthetic Phosphorylation. Bodmin: Glynn Research 1966"},{"key":"2_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.66.1.31","volume":"66","author":"B.A. Mobley","year":"1975","unstructured":"Mobley, B.A., Eisenberg, B.R.: Sizes of components in frog skeletal muscle measured by methods of stereology. J. Gen. Physiol. 66, 31\u201345 (1975)","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(69)90535-X","volume":"34","author":"M. Montal","year":"1969","unstructured":"Montal, M., Chance, B., Lee, C.P., Azzi, A.: Effect of ion-transporting antibiotics on the energy-linked reactions of submitochondrial particles. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 34, 104\u2013111 (1969)","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(76)80091-5","volume":"72","author":"J.I. Morgan","year":"1976","unstructured":"Morgan, J.I., Bramhall, J.S., Britten, A.Z., Perris, A.D.: Calcium and oestrogen interactions upon the rat thymic lymphocyte plasma membrane. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 72, 663\u2013672 (1976)","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(75)80312-3","volume":"66","author":"J.I. Morgan","year":"1975","unstructured":"Morgan, J.I., Hall, A.K., Perris, A.D.: Requirements for divalent cations by hormonal mitogens and their interactions with sex steroids. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 66, 188\u2013194 (1975)","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00297875","volume":"61","author":"Y. Naitoh","year":"1968","unstructured":"Naitoh, Y., Eckert, R.: Electrical properties of Paramecium caudatum: modification by bound and free cations. Z. Vergl. Physiol. 61, 427\u2013472 (1968)","journal-title":"Z. Vergl. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00581183","volume":"362","author":"S. Nakajima","year":"1976","unstructured":"Nakajima, S., Gilai, A., Dingeman, D.: Dye absorption changes in single muscle fibers: An application of an automatic balancing circuit. Pfl\u00fcgers Arch. 362, 285\u2013287 (1976)","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch."},{"key":"2_CR116","unstructured":"Naparstek, A., Slayman, C.: Metabolism-dependent changes of membrane potential in Neurospora, tracked with an optical probe. Biophys. J. 16, 21a (1976)"},{"key":"2_CR117","first-page":"149","volume":"233","author":"D. Oesterhelt","year":"1971","unstructured":"Oesterhelt, D., Stoeckenius, W.: Rhodopsin-like protein from the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium. Nature (New Biol.) 233, 149\u2013152 (1971)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/257693a0","volume":"257","author":"H. Oetliker","year":"1975","unstructured":"Oetliker, H., Baylor, S.M., Chandler, W.K.: Simultaneous changes in fluorescence and optical retardation in single muscle fibres during activity. Nature 257, 693\u2013696 (1975)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)29393-4","volume":"184","author":"M. Ohta","year":"1973","unstructured":"Ohta, M., Narahashi, T., Keeler, R.F.: Effects of veratrum alkaloids on membrane potential and conductance of squid and crayfish giant axons. J. Pharmac. Exp. Ther. 184, 143\u2013154 (1973)","journal-title":"J. Pharmac. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"2_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(69)90699-8","volume":"35","author":"L. Packer","year":"1969","unstructured":"Packer, L., Donovan, M.P., Wrigglesworth, J.M.: Oscillations of 8-Anilinonaphthalen-1-sulfonic acid fluorescence in mitochondria. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 35, 832\u2013838 (1969)","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01870827","volume":"5","author":"J. Patrick","year":"1971","unstructured":"Patrick, J., Valeur, B., Monnerie, L., Changeux, J.-P.: Changes in extrinsic fluorescence intensity of the electroplax membrane during electrical excitation. J. Memb. Biol. 5, 102\u2013120 (1971)","journal-title":"J. Memb. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.25.3.209","volume":"25","author":"L.D. Peachey","year":"1965","unstructured":"Peachey, L.D., The sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules of the frog's sartorius. J. Cell Biol. 25, No. 3, II, 209\u2013231 (1965)","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2_CR123","first-page":"189","volume":"440","author":"U. Pick","year":"1976","unstructured":"Pick, U., Avron, M.: Measurement of transmembrane potentials in Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores with an oxacarbocyanine dye. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 440, 189\u2013204 (1976)","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/221541a0","volume":"221","author":"T. Podleski","year":"1969","unstructured":"Podleski, T., Changeux, J.-P.: Effects associated with permeability change caused by gramicidin A in electroplax membrane. Nature 221, 541\u2013545 (1969)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.60.4.367","volume":"60","author":"J. Pooler","year":"1972","unstructured":"Pooler, J.: Photodynamic alteration of sodium currents in lobster axons. J. Gen. Physiol. 60, 367\u2013387 (1972)","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-152504-0.50009-5","volume":"4","author":"G.K. Radda","year":"1971","unstructured":"Radda, G.K.: The design and use of fluorescent probes for membrane studies. Curr. Top. Bioenerg. 4, 81\u2013126 (1971)","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Bioenerg."},{"key":"2_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00655a017","volume":"15","author":"R. Renthal","year":"1976","unstructured":"Renthal, R., Lanyi, J.K.: Light-induced membrane potential and pH gradient in Halobacterium halobium envelope vesicles. Biochemistry 15, 2136\u20132143 (1976)","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2_CR128","first-page":"15a","volume":"70","author":"W.N. Ross","year":"1977","unstructured":"Ross, W.N., Reichardt, L.F.: Species-specific effects on the optical signals of voltage-sensitive dyes. J. Gen. Phys. 70, 15a\u201316a (1977)","journal-title":"J. Gen. Phys."},{"key":"2_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(74)85963-1","volume":"14","author":"W.N. Ross","year":"1974","unstructured":"Ross, W.N., Salzberg, B.M., Cohen, L.B., Davila, H.V.: A large change in dye absorption during the action potential. Biophys. J. 14, 983\u2013986 (1974)","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"2_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01869514","volume":"33","author":"W.N. Ross","year":"1977","unstructured":"Ross, W.N., Salzberg, B.M., Cohen, L.B., Grinvald, A., Davila, H.V., Waggoner, A.S., Wang, C.H.: Changes in absorption, fluorescence, dichroism, and birefringence in stained giant axons: Optical measurement of membrane potential. J. Memb. Biol. 33, 141\u2013183 (1977)","journal-title":"J. Memb. Biol."},{"key":"2_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01558427","volume":"7","author":"H. Rottenberg","year":"1975","unstructured":"Rottenberg, H.: The measurement of transmembrane electrochemical proton gradients. J. Bioenerg. 7, 61\u201374 (1975)","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg."},{"key":"2_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1126\/science.191.4226.485","volume":"191","author":"G. Salama","year":"1976","unstructured":"Salama, G., Morad, M.: Merocyanine 540 as an optical probe of transmembrane electrical activity in the heart. Science 191, 485\u2013487 (1976)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2_CR133","unstructured":"Salama, G., Morad, M.: Use of fluorescent dyes to evaluate single sucrose gap voltage clamp technique in frog heart. Biophys. J. 17, 5a (1977)"},{"key":"2_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/246508a0","volume":"246","author":"B.M. Salzberg","year":"1973","unstructured":"Salzberg, B.M., Davila, H.V., Cohen, L.B.: Optical recording of impulses in individual neurons of an invertebrate central nervous system. Nature 246, 508\u2013509 (1973)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2_CR135","first-page":"475","volume":"143","author":"B.M. Salzberg","year":"1972","unstructured":"Salzberg, B.M., Davila, H.V., Cohen, L.B., Waggoner, A.S.: A large change in axon fluorescence, potentially useful in the study of simple nervous system. Biol. Bull. Mar. Biol. Lab., Woods Hole 143, 475 (1972)","journal-title":"Biol. Bull. Mar. Biol. Lab., Woods Hole"},{"key":"2_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1977.40.6.1281","volume":"40","author":"B.M. Salzberg","year":"1977","unstructured":"Salzberg, B.M., Grinvald, A., Cohen, L.B., Davila, H.V., Ross, W.N.: Optical recording of neuronal activity in an invertebrate central nervous system: Simultaneous monitoring of several neurons. J. Neurophysiology 40, 1281\u20131291 (1977)","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00591523","volume":"58","author":"S. Schmidt","year":"1971","unstructured":"Schmidt, S., Reich, R., Witt, H.T.: Electrochromism of chlorophylls and carotenoids in multilayers and chloroplasts. Naturwissenschaften 58, 414 (1971)","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"2_CR138","first-page":"1087","volume":"II","author":"S. Schmidt","year":"1972","unstructured":"Schmidt, S., Reich, R., Witt, H.T.: Electrochromic measurements in vitro as test for the interpretation of field indicating absorption changes in photosynthesis. Proc. IInd Intern. Congr. Photosynthesis, 1971, Stresa, Vol. II, 1087\u20131095 (1972)","journal-title":"Proc. IInd Intern. Congr. Photosynthesis, 1971, Stresa"},{"key":"2_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5451","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00696a011","volume":"14","author":"S. Schuldiner","year":"1975","unstructured":"Schuldiner, S., Kaback, H.R.: Membrane potential and active transport in membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 14, 5451\u20135460 (1975)","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.4.1325","volume":"72","author":"S.P. Scordilis","year":"1975","unstructured":"Scordilis, S.P., Tedeschi, H., Edwards, C.: Donnan potential of rabbit skeletal muscle myofibrils. I. Electrofluorochromometric detection of potential. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 1325\u20131329 (1975)","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/264467a0","volume":"264","author":"T.J.B. Simons","year":"1976","unstructured":"Simons, T.J.B.: Carbocyanine dyes inhibit Ca-dependent K efflux from human red cell ghosts. Nature 264, 467\u2013469 (1976)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00713a022","volume":"13","author":"P.J. Sims","year":"1974","unstructured":"Sims, P.J., Waggoner, A.S., Wang, C.-H., Hoffman, J.F.: Studies on the mechanism by which cyanine dyes measure membrane potential in red blood cells and phospho-tidylcholine vesicles. Biochemistry 13, 3315\u20133330 (1974)","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-152504-0.50010-1","volume":"4","author":"V.P. Skulachev","year":"1971","unstructured":"Skulachev, V.P.: Energy transformation in the respiratory chain. Curr. Top. Bioenerg. 4, 127\u2013190 (1971)","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Bioenerg."},{"key":"2_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-65986-7_15","volume-title":"Membrane Transport in Plants","author":"C.L. Slayman","year":"1974","unstructured":"Slayman, C.L.: Proton pumping and generalized energetics: A review. In: Membrane Transport in Plants. Zimmermann, U., Dainty, J. (ed.). Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1974, pp. 107\u2013119"},{"key":"2_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0650045","volume":"65","author":"G.R. Smith","year":"1975","unstructured":"Smith, G.R., Gurson, M.L., Riddell, A.T., Perris, A.D.: Inhibitory action of oestrogen on calcium-induced mitosis in rat bone marrow and thymus. J. Endocr. 65, 45\u201353 (1975)","journal-title":"J. Endocr."},{"key":"2_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5094","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00668a023","volume":"15","author":"J.C. Smith","year":"1976","unstructured":"Smith, J.C., Russ, P., Cooperman, B.S., Chance, B.: Synthesis, structure determination, spectral properties, and energy-linked spectral responses of the extrinsic probe oxonol V in membranes. Biochemistry 15, 5094\u20135105 (1976)","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01869663","volume":"30","author":"N. Sone","year":"1976","unstructured":"Sone, N., Yoshida, M., Hirata, H., Okamoto, H., Kagawa, Y.: Electrochemical potential of protons in vesicles reconstituted from purified proton-translocating adenosine triphosphatase. J. Memb. Biol. 30, 121\u2013134 (1976)","journal-title":"J. Memb. Biol."},{"key":"2_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1002\/jss.400020519","volume":"2","author":"W. Stoeckenius","year":"1974","unstructured":"Stoeckenius, W., Lozier, R.H.: Light energy conversion in Halobacterium halobium. J. Supramol. Struct. 2, 769\u2013774 (1974)","journal-title":"J. Supramol. Struct."},{"key":"2_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/252047a0","volume":"252","author":"G. Szabo","year":"1974","unstructured":"Szabo, G.: Dual mechanism for the action of cholesterol on membrane permeability. Nature 252, 47\u201349 (1974)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(73)90146-6","volume":"323","author":"I. Tasaki","year":"1973","unstructured":"Tasaki, I., Carbone, E., Sisco, K., Singer, I.: Spectral analyses of extrinsic fluorescence of the nerve membrane labeled with aminonaphthalene derivatives. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 323, 220\u2013233 (1973)","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1976.tb06810.x","volume":"24","author":"I. Tasaki","year":"1976","unstructured":"Tasaki, I., Warashina, A.: Dye-membrane interaction and its changes during nerve excitation. Photochem. Photobiol. 24, 191\u2013207 (1976)","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"2_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01868097","volume":"8","author":"I. Tasaki","year":"1972","unstructured":"Tasaki, I., Watanabe, A., Hallett, M.: Fluorescence of squid axon membrane labeled with hydrophobic probes. J. Memb. Biol. 8, 109\u2013132 (1972)","journal-title":"J. Memb. Biol."},{"key":"2_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.61.3.883","volume":"61","author":"I. Tasaki","year":"1968","unstructured":"Tasaki, I., Watanabe, A., Sandlin, R., Carnay, L.: Changes in fluorescence, turbidity, and birefringence associated with nerve excitation. Proc. Nal. Acad. Sci. USA 61, 883\u2013888 (1968)","journal-title":"Proc. Nal. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02477817","volume":"14","author":"R.E. Taylor","year":"1952","unstructured":"Taylor, R.E.: The distribution of membrane current in nerve with longitudinal linearly increasing applied current. Bull. Math. Biophys. 14, 265\u2013292 (1952)","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biophys."},{"key":"2_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1030420107","volume":"42","author":"R.E. Taylor","year":"1953","unstructured":"Taylor, R.E.: The contractile process is not associated with potential changes. J. Cell Comp. Physiol. 42, 103\u2013123 (1953)","journal-title":"J. Cell Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.71.2.583","volume":"71","author":"H. Tedeschi","year":"1974","unstructured":"Tedeschi, H.: Mitochondrial membrane potential: Evidence from studies with a fluorescent probe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 583\u2013585 (1974)","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2_CR157","first-page":"62","volume-title":"Erythrocytes, Thrombocytes, Leukocytes","author":"D.C. Tosteson","year":"1973","unstructured":"Tosteson, D.C., Gunn, R.B., Wieth, J.O.: Chloride and hydroxyl ion conductance of sheep red cell membrane. In: Erythrocytes, Thrombocytes, Leukocytes. Gerlach, E., Moser, K., Deutsch, E., Wilmanns, W. (eds.). Stuttgart: Thieme 1973, pp. 62\u201366"},{"key":"2_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01875163","volume":"38","author":"R.Y. Tsien","year":"1978","unstructured":"Tsien, R.Y., Hladky, S.B.: A quantitative resolution of the spectra of a membrane potential indicator, diS-C3(5), bound to cell components and to red blood cells. J. Memb. Biol. 38, 73\u201397 (1978)","journal-title":"J. Memb. Biol."},{"key":"2_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/259684a0","volume":"259","author":"J. Vergara","year":"1976","unstructured":"Vergara, J., Bezanilla, F.: Fluorescence changes during electrical activity in frog muscle stained with merocyanine. Nature 259, 684\u2013686 (1976)","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2_CR160","unstructured":"Vergara, J., Bezanilla, F.: Nile blue fluorescence signals in frog single muscle fibers under voltage or current clamp conditions. Biophys. J. 17, 5a (1977)"},{"key":"2_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01869143","volume":"27","author":"A. Waggoner","year":"1976","unstructured":"Waggoner, A.: Optical probes of membrane potential. J. Memb. Biol. 27, 317\u2013334 (1976)","journal-title":"J. Memb. Biol."},{"key":"2_CR162","first-page":"217","volume":"303","author":"A. Waggoner","year":"1977","unstructured":"Waggoner, A., Grinvald, A.: Mechanisms of rapid optical changes of potential sensitive dyes. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 303, 217\u2013241 (1977)","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"2_CR163","unstructured":"Waggoner, A.S., Sirkin, D., Tolles, R., Wang, C.H.: Rate of membrane permeation of potential sensitive dyes. Biophys. J. 15, 20a (1975)"},{"key":"2_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01869513","volume":"33","author":"A.S. Waggoner","year":"1977","unstructured":"Waggoner, A.S., Wang, C.-H., Tolles, R.L.: Mechanism of potential-dependent light absorption changes of lipid bilayer membranes in the presence of cyanine and oxonol dyes. J. Memb. Biol. 33, 109\u2013140 (1977)","journal-title":"J. Memb. Biol."},{"key":"2_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(76)90410-7","volume":"436","author":"A. Watanabe","year":"1976","unstructured":"Watanabe, A., Terakawa, S.: Alteration of birefringence signals from squid giant axons by intracellular perfusion with protease solution. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 436, 833\u2013842 (1976a)","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480070310","volume":"7","author":"A. Watanabe","year":"1976","unstructured":"Watanabe, A., Terakawa, S.: A long-lasting birefringence change recorded from a tetanically stimulated squid giant axon. J. Neurobiol. 7, 271\u2013286 (1976b)","journal-title":"J. Neurobiol."},{"key":"2_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1021\/j100890a019","volume":"69","author":"W. West","year":"1965","unstructured":"West, W., Pearce, S.: The dimeric state of cyanine dyes. J. Phys. Chem. 69, 1894\u20131903 (1965)","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"2_CR168","first-page":"1148","volume":"60","author":"H.T. Witt","year":"1956","unstructured":"Witt, H.T., Moraw, R., Muller, A.: Zum Prim\u00e4proze\u00df der Photosynthese an Chlorophyllk\u00f6rnern au\u00dferhalb der pflanzlichen Zelle. Z. Elektrochemie 60, 1148\u20131153 (1956)","journal-title":"Z. Elektrochemie"},{"key":"2_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(73)80484-3","volume":"37","author":"H.T. Witt","year":"1973","unstructured":"Witt, H.T., Zickler, A.: Electrical evidence for the field indicating absorption change in bioenergetic membranes. FEBS Lett. 37, 307\u2013310 (1973)","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1515\/znb-1969-0819","volume":"24b","author":"C. Wolff","year":"1969","unstructured":"Wolff, Ch., Buchwald, H.-E., R\u00fcppel, H., Witt, K., Witt, H.T.: Rise time of the light induced electrical field across the functional membrane of photosynthesis. Z. Naturforsch. 24b, 1038\u20131041 (1969)","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch."}],"container-title":["Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology","Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Volume 86"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/3-540-08907-1_2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T16:35:51Z","timestamp":1742574951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/3-540-08907-1_2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1978]]},"ISBN":["9783540094883","9783540352105"],"references-count":170,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-08907-1_2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0303-4240","1617-5786"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0303-4240","type":"print"},{"value":"1617-5786","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1978]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 June 2005","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}}]}}