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This chapter presents a short review of historical whaling in the Gulf of Guinea and an update of cetacean biodiversity in the waters of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe. Observations since 2002 have confirmed the presence of 12 species of cetaceans, 5 of them new to the region (Striped Dolphin, Rough-toothed Dolphin, Risso\u2019s Dolphin, Pygmy Killer Whale, and Dwarf Sperm Whale). The archipelago seems to be an important area for cetaceans, with some species (Bottlenose Dolphin and Pantropical Spotted Dolphin) being present throughout the year. The volcanic origin of the archipelago produces great depths very close to the coast, which may favor the approach of pelagic species like Sperm Whales, Killer Whales, and Short-finned Pilot Whales. Bays and shallow waters may also serve as protection or rest areas for particular groups, like mother and calf pairs of Humpback Whales. Major anthropogenic threats to cetaceans in S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe include habitat degradation due to overfishing, fisheries interactions, possibly some occasionally directed takes and, more recently, oil and gas prospecting. Consistent and dedicated research to inform national legislation, together with increasing environmental awareness and local engagement, would help to identify effective cetacean conservation strategies in the archipelago.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-06153-0_23","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T14:09:12Z","timestamp":1666015752000},"page":"621-641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cetaceans of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Martinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcio","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bastien","family":"Loloum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"23_CR1","first-page":"65","volume":"17A","author":"P Afonso","year":"1999","unstructured":"Afonso P, Porteiro FM, Santos RS, Barreiros JP, Worms J, Wirtz P (1999) Coastal marine fishes of S\u00e3o Tome Island (Gulf of Guinea). 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