{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T16:34:27Z","timestamp":1775579667732,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783031229176","type":"print"},{"value":"9783031229183","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-22918-3_5","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T01:22:43Z","timestamp":1672536163000},"page":"52-68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Student Engagement Detection Using Emotion Analysis, Eye Tracking and Head Movement with Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Prabin","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shubham","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3089-7579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subash","family":"Gautam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sneha","family":"Maharjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Salik Ram","family":"Khanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manuel Cabral","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"V\u00edtor Manuel","family":"de Jesus Filipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"5_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2014.2316163","volume":"5","author":"J Whitehill","year":"2014","unstructured":"Whitehill, J., Serpell, Z., Lin, Y.-C., Foster, A., Movellan, J.R.: The faces of engagement: Automatic recognition of student engagementfrom facial expressions. IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput. 5(1), 86\u201398 (2014)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"5_CR2","unstructured":"Lamborn, S., Newmann, F., Wehlage, G.: The significance and sources of student engagement. Student engagement and achievement in American secondary schools (1992)"},{"key":"5_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skinner, E.A., Zimmer-Gembeck, M.J., Connell, J.P., Eccles, J.S., Wellborn, J.G.: Individual differences and the development of perceived control. Monographs of the society for Research in Child Development. 231 (1998)","DOI":"10.2307\/1166220"},{"issue":"2","key":"5_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2008.09.009","volume":"52","author":"MK Barbour","year":"2009","unstructured":"Barbour, M.K., Reeves, T.C.: The reality of virtual schools: A review of the literature. Comput. Educ. 52(2), 402\u2013416 (2009)","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"5_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reyes, M.R., Brackett, M.A., Rivers, S.E., White, M., Salovey, P.: Classroom emotional climate, student engagement, and academic achievement. Journal of educational psychology 104(3), 700 (2012)","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027268"},{"key":"5_CR6","unstructured":"Stanley, O., Hansen, G.: ABSTUDY: An Investment for Tomorrow\u2019s Employment: a Review of ABSTUDY for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission. Commonwealth of Australia (1998)"},{"key":"5_CR7","volume-title":"Attention span during lectures: 8 seconds, 10 minutes, or more?","author":"NA Bradbury","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bradbury, N.A.: Attention span during lectures: 8 seconds, 10 minutes, or more? American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD (2016)"},{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1086\/443992","volume":"99","author":"RW Larson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Larson, R.W., Richards, M.H.: Boredom in the middle school years: Blaming schools versus blaming students. Am. J. Educ. 99(4), 418\u2013443 (1991)","journal-title":"Am. J. Educ."},{"key":"5_CR9","unstructured":"Ekman, P., Friesen, W.V., Ellsworth, P.: Emotion in the human face: Guidelines for research and an integration of findings. Elsevier (2013)"},{"issue":"7","key":"5_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20794","volume":"59","author":"L Lorigo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lorigo, L., et al.: Eye tracking and online search: Lessons learned and challenges ahead. J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Technol. 59(7), 1041\u20131052 (2008)","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inform. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"5_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poole, A., Ball, L.J.: Eye tracking in HCI and usability research. In: Encyclopedia of human computer interaction. IGI global, pp. 211\u2013219 (2006)","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-59140-562-7.ch034"},{"issue":"10","key":"5_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14158","DOI":"10.3390\/s121014158","volume":"12","author":"C-C Hsu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hsu, C.-C., Chen, H.-C., Su, Y.-N., Huang, K.-K., Huang, Y.-M.: Developing a reading concentration monitoring system by applying an artificial bee colony algorithm to e-books in an intelligent classroom. Sensors. 12(10), 14158\u201314178 (2012)","journal-title":"Sensors."},{"key":"5_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, J., Sheng, B., Shen, R., Lin, W., Wu, E.: Real time learning evaluation based on gaze tracking. In: 2015 14th International Conference on Computer-Aided Design and Computer Graphics (CAD\/Graphics), IEEE. pp. 157\u2013164 (2015)","DOI":"10.1109\/CADGRAPHICS.2015.13"},{"issue":"4","key":"5_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2008.00654.x","volume":"45","author":"MM Bradley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bradley, M.M., Miccoli, L., Escrig, M.A., Lang, P.J.: The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation. Psychophysiology 45(4), 602\u2013607 (2008)","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"5_CR15","unstructured":"Divjak, M., Bischof, H.: Eye blink based fatigue detection for prevention of computer vision syndrome. In: MVA, pp. 350\u2013353 (2009)"},{"key":"5_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turabzadeh, S., Meng, H., Swash, R.M., Pleva, M., Juhar, J.: Facial expression emotion detection for real-time embedded systems. Technologies 6(1), 17 (2018)","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies6010017"},{"key":"5_CR17","first-page":"113","volume":"49","author":"J Bidwell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bidwell, J., Fuchs, H.: Classroom analytics: Measuring student engagement with automated gaze tracking. Behav Res Methods. 49, 113 (2011)","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods."},{"key":"5_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krithika, L.B., GG, L.P.: Student emotion recognition system (SERS) for e-learning improvement based on learner concentration metric. Procedia Computer Science 85, 767\u2013776 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.05.264"},{"key":"5_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamath, A., Biswas, A., Balasubramanian, V.: A crowdsourced approach to student engagement recognition in e-learning environments. In: 2016 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), IEEE. pp. 1\u20139 (2016)","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2016.7477618"},{"key":"5_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, P., Eseng\u00f6n\u00fcl, M., Khanal, S.R., Khanal, T.T., Filipe, V., Reis, M.J.C.S.: Student concentration evaluation index in an e-learning context using facial emotion analysis. In: International Conference on Technology and Innovation in Learning, pp. 529\u2013538. Teaching and Education, Springer (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20954-4_40"},{"key":"5_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamad Nezami, O., Dras, M., Hamey, L., Richards, D., Wan, S., Paris, C.: Automatic recognition of student engagement using deep learning and facial expression. In: Joint European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases, pp. 273\u2013289. Springer, Cham (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-46133-1_17"},{"key":"5_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-021-00854-x","volume":"28","author":"J Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen, J., Yang, H., Li, J., Cheng, Z.: Assessing learning engagement based on facial expression recognition in MOOC\u2019s scenario. Multimedia Syst. 28, 469\u2013478 (2022)","journal-title":"Multimedia Syst."},{"key":"5_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkabbany, I., Ali, A., Farag, A., Bennett, I., Ghanoum, M., Farag, A.: Measuring student engagement level using facial information. In: 2019 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing ICIP, pp. 3337\u20133341. IEEE (2019)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2019.8803590"},{"key":"5_CR24","unstructured":"Paul, V.: Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features. In: Proc. CVPR (2001)"},{"key":"5_CR25","unstructured":"O\u2019Shea, K., Nash, R.: An introduction to convolutional neural networks (2015)"},{"key":"5_CR26","unstructured":"Arriaga, O., Valdenegro-Toro, M., Pl\u00f6ger, P.: Real-time convolutional neural networks for emotion and gender classification (2017)"},{"key":"5_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chollet, F.: Xception: Deep learning with depthwise separable convolutions. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 1251\u20131258 (2017)","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.195"},{"key":"5_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grafsgaard, J.F., Fulton, R.M., Boyer, K.E., Wiebe, E.N., Lester, J.C.: Multimodal analysis of the implicit affective channel in computer-mediated textual communication. In: Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Multimodal interaction, pp. 145\u2013152 (2012)","DOI":"10.1145\/2388676.2388708"},{"key":"5_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekenel, H.K., Stiefelhagen, R.: Why is facial occlusion a challenging problem? In: International conference on biometrics, pp. 299\u2013308. Springer (2009)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-01793-3_31"}],"container-title":["Communications in Computer and Information Science","Technology and Innovation in Learning, Teaching and Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-031-22918-3_5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T10:53:41Z","timestamp":1680692021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-031-22918-3_5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"ISBN":["9783031229176","9783031229183"],"references-count":29,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-22918-3_5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-0929","1865-0937"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-0929","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-0937","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 January 2023","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"TECH-EDU","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Technology and Innovation in Learning, Teaching and Education","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Lisbon","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Portugal","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2022","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"31 August 2022","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2 September 2022","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"techedu2022","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"http:\/\/tech-edu.ws\/2022\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Double-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"T4People","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"80","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"21","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"18","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"26% - The value is computed by the equation \"Number of Full Papers Accepted \/ Number of Submissions Sent for Review * 100\" and then rounded to a whole number.","order":6,"name":"acceptance_rate_of_full_papers","label":"Acceptance Rate of Full Papers","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":7,"name":"average_number_of_reviews_per_paper","label":"Average Number of Reviews per Paper","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"3","order":8,"name":"average_number_of_papers_per_reviewer","label":"Average Number of Papers per Reviewer","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"Yes","order":9,"name":"external_reviewers_involved","label":"External Reviewers Involved","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}}]}}