{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T23:21:39Z","timestamp":1773271299598,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032029980","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032029997","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-02999-7_6","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T01:53:13Z","timestamp":1767318793000},"page":"95-131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence and Critical and Creative Thinking in a Learning Model"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0155-916X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. S.","family":"Paiva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4644-5879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. P.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4709-1718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. P.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0214-3008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Rocha Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2551-5903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Pino-Juste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654308326084","volume":"78","author":"PC Abrami","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abrami PC, Bernard RM, Borokhovski E, Wade A, Surkes MA, Tamim R, Zhang D (2008) Instructional interventions affecting critical thinking skills and dispositions: a stage 1 meta-analysis. Rev Educ Res 78(4):1102\u20131134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/0034654308326084","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res"},{"key":"6_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amado J (2017) Qualitative research in education, 3rd ed., pp 1\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14195\/978-989-26-1390-1","DOI":"10.14195\/978-989-26-1390-1"},{"key":"6_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amanda FF, Sumitro SB, Lestari SR, Ibrohim (2024) Enhancing critical thinking and problem solving skills by complexity science-problem based learning model. Multidiscip J Educ Res 14(1):96\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17583\/remie.9409","DOI":"10.17583\/remie.9409"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/002202799183133","volume":"31","author":"S Bailin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bailin S, Case R, Coombs JR, Daniels LB (1999) Conceptualizing critical thinking. J Curric Stud 31(3):285\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/002202799183133","journal-title":"J Curric Stud"},{"issue":"10","key":"6_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13100998","volume":"13","author":"G Van den Berg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Van den Berg G, du Plessis E (2023) ChatGPT and generative AI: possibilities for its contribution to lesson planning, critical thinking and openness in teacher education. Educ Sci 13(10):998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci13100998","journal-title":"Educ Sci"},{"key":"6_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bitzenbauer P (2023) ChatGPT in physics education: a pilot study on easy-to-implement activities. Contemp Educ Technol 15(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30935\/cedtech\/13176","DOI":"10.30935\/cedtech\/13176"},{"key":"6_CR7","unstructured":"Bradley S, Price N (2016) Critical thinking proven strategies to improve decision making skills, increase intuition and think smarter! CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, Ed"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2012.04.001","volume":"7","author":"HA Butler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Butler HA, Dwyer CP, Hogan MJ, Franco A, Rivas SF, Saiz C, Almeida LS (2012) The Halpern critical thinking assessment and real-world outcomes: cross-national applications. Think Ski Creat 7(2):112\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsc.2012.04.001","journal-title":"Think Ski Creat"},{"key":"6_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2018.10.001","volume":"33","author":"FDC Carbogim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carbogim FDC, Barbosa ACS, de Oliviera LB, de S\u00e1 Diaz FBB, Toledo LV, Alves KR, Friedrich DBDC, Luiz FS, P\u00fcschel VADA (2018) Educational intervention to improve critical thinking for undergraduate nursing students: a randomized clinical trial. Nurse Educ Pract 33:121\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nepr.2018.10.001","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Pract"},{"key":"6_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chang EY (2023) Prompting large language models with the Socratic method. In: 2023 IEEE 13th annual computing and communication workshop and conference, CCWC 2023, pp 351\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CCWC57344.2023.10099179","DOI":"10.1109\/CCWC57344.2023.10099179"},{"key":"6_CR11","unstructured":"Costa AP, Amado J (2018) Software-supported content analysis, 2nd ed. Ludomedia, pp 1\u201360. https:\/\/ludomedia.org\/publicacoes\/e-book-analise-de-conteudo-suportada-por-software-2a-ed\/"},{"key":"6_CR12","volume-title":"Research methodology in Social and Human Sciences: theory and practice","author":"C Coutinho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Coutinho C (2018) Research methodology in Social and Human Sciences: theory and practice, 2nd edn. Edi\u00e7\u00f5es Almedina, Coimbra","edition":"2"},{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2004.01.005","volume":"14","author":"G Ten Dam","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ten Dam G, Volman M (2004) Critical thinking as a citizenship competence: teaching strategies. Learn Instr 14(4):359\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2004.01.005","journal-title":"Learn Instr"},{"key":"6_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damme DV, Zahner D, Cortellini O, Dawber T, Rotholz K (2023) Assessing and developing critical-thinking skills in \nhigher education. Eur J Educ 58:369\u2013386.   https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejed.12563","DOI":"10.1111\/ejed.12563"},{"key":"6_CR15","volume-title":"The essential writings","author":"J Dewey","year":"1977","unstructured":"Dewey J (1977) The essential writings. Harper Torchbooks, EUA"},{"key":"6_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dienichieva OI, Komogorova MI, Lukianchuk SF, Teletska LI, Yankovska IM (2021) From reflection to self-assessment: methods of developing critical thinking in students. Int J Educ Inf Technol 15:227\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46300\/9109.2021.15.23","DOI":"10.46300\/9109.2021.15.23"},{"issue":"102642","key":"6_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642","volume":"71","author":"YK Dwivedi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dwivedi YK, Kshetri N, Hughes L, Kar AK, Baabdullah AM, Koohang A, Choudrie J, Chiappa D, Pfaff MS, Mantym\u00e4ki M, Eirug A, Jain V, Nair B, Dey BL, Wade M (2023) \u201cSo what if ChatGPT wrote it?\u201d Reframing the free-rider problem in academia with a broader glance at ChatGPT. Int J Inf Manage 71(102642):1\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642","journal-title":"Int J Inf Manage"},{"key":"6_CR18","unstructured":"Elder L, Paul R (2005) Est\u00e1ndares de Competencia para el Pensamiento Cr\u00edtico. www.criticalthinking.org"},{"key":"6_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100198","volume":"6","author":"HB Essel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Essel HB, Vlachopoulos D, Essuman AB, Amankwa JO (2024) ChatGPT effects on cognitive skills of undergraduate students: receiving instant responses from AI-based conversational large language models (LLMs). Comput Educ Artif Intell 6:100198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.caeai.2023.100198","journal-title":"Comput Educ Artif Intell"},{"issue":"1","key":"6_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"44","author":"PA Facione","year":"1995","unstructured":"Facione PA, Sanchez CA, Facione NC, Gainen J (1995) The disposition toward critical thinking. J Gen Educ 44(1):1\u201325","journal-title":"J Gen Educ"},{"key":"6_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1alvo FJ (2023) La percepci\u00f3n de la Inteligencia Artificial en contextos educativos tras el lanzamiento de ChatGPT: disrupci\u00f3n o p\u00e1nico. Educ Knowl Soc (EKS) 24:e31279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14201\/eks.31279","DOI":"10.14201\/eks.31279"},{"key":"6_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gasmi AA, Al Nadabi ZS (2023) An exploratory study of learners\u2019 perceptions about the effectiveness of active learning approaches. J Lang Teach Res 14(5):1223\u20131232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17507\/jltr.1405.10","DOI":"10.17507\/jltr.1405.10"},{"issue":"11","key":"6_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5539\/ass.v14n11p9","volume":"14","author":"NWA Hakim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hakim NWA, Talib CA (2018) Measuring critical thinking in science: systematic review. Asian Soc Sci 14(11):9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/ass.v14n11p9","journal-title":"Asian Soc Sci"},{"key":"6_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Helaluddin H, Mannahali M, Purwati D, Alamsyah A, Wijaya H (2023) An investigation into the effect of problem-based learning on learners\u2019 writing performance, critical and creative thinking skills. J Lang Educ 9(2):101\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17323\/jle.2023.14704","DOI":"10.17323\/jle.2023.14704"},{"key":"6_CR25","unstructured":"Hitchcock D (2022) Critical thinking. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/critical-thinking\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"6_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"022097","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1157\/2\/022097","volume":"1157","author":"J Jumrodah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jumrodah J, Liliasari S, Adisendjaja YH (2019) Profile of pre-service biology teachers critical thinking skills based on learning project toward sustainable development. J Phys Conf Ser 1157(2):022097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1157\/2\/022097","journal-title":"J Phys Conf Ser"},{"key":"6_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kardoyo K, Nurkhin A, Muhsin M, Pramusinto H (2020) Problem-based learning strategy: its impact on students\u2019 critical and creative thinking skills. Eur J Educ Res 9(3):1141\u20131150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12973\/EU-JER.9.3.1141","DOI":"10.12973\/EU-JER.9.3.1141"},{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1080\/02607476.2024.2326502","volume":"50","author":"G Kartal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kartal G (2024) The influence of ChatGPT on thinking skills and creativity of EFL student teachers: a narrative inquiry. J Educ Teach 50(4):627\u2013642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02607476.2024.2326502","journal-title":"J Educ Teach"},{"key":"6_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lopes J, Silva H, Morais E (2018) Teste de pensamento cr\u00edtico para estudantes dos ensinos b\u00e1sico e secund\u00e1rio || Critical thinking test for elementary and secondary students. Revista de Estudios e Investigaci\u00f3n En Psicolog\u00eda y Educaci\u00f3n 5(2):82\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17979\/reipe.2018.5.2.3339","DOI":"10.17979\/reipe.2018.5.2.3339"},{"key":"6_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lopes J, Silva H, Morais E (2019) Critical and creative thinking test for higher education students. Revista Lusofona de Educacao 44(44):173\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24140\/issn.1645-7250.rle44.11","DOI":"10.24140\/issn.1645-7250.rle44.11"},{"key":"6_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lovato FL, Michelotti A, da Silva Loreto EL (2018) Metodologias Ativas de Aprendizagem: Uma Breve Revis\u00e3o. Acta Scientiae 20(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17648\/acta.scientiae.v20iss2id3690","DOI":"10.17648\/acta.scientiae.v20iss2id3690"},{"key":"6_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Loyens SMM, van Meerten JE, Schaap L, Wijnia L (2023) Situating higher-order, critical, and critical-analytic thinking in problem\u2014and project-based learning environments: a systematic review. Educ Psychol Rev 35(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10648-023-09757-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-023-09757-x"},{"key":"6_CR33","unstructured":"Marzano RJ (1988) Dimensions of thinking\u202f: a framework for curriculum and instruction. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development"},{"key":"6_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mas MAM, Alonso \u00c1V (2024) Making thinking skills visible in elementary education: psychometric development of an evaluation tool. Bordon. Revista de Pedagogia 76(1):119\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13042\/Bordon.2024.95702","DOI":"10.13042\/Bordon.2024.95702"},{"issue":"5","key":"6_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1772704","volume":"56","author":"DP Mohapatra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohapatra DP, Thiruvoth FM, Tripathy S, Rajan S, Vathulya M, Lakshmi P, Singh VK, Haq AU (2023) Leveraging large language models (LLM) for the plastic surgery resident training: do they have a role? Indian J Plast Surg 56(5):413\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-1772704","journal-title":"Indian J Plast Surg"},{"key":"6_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mollick E, Mollick L (2023) Assigning AI: seven approaches for students with prompts. Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and Wharton Interactive, pp 1\u201348. https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=4475995","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4475995"},{"key":"6_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nurrijal S, Kuswandi P, Ulfa D (2023) Creative problem solving process instructional design in the context of blended learning in higher education. Electron J E-Learn 21(2):80\u201397. www.ejel.org","DOI":"10.34190\/ejel.21.2.2653"},{"key":"6_CR38","unstructured":"OECD Skills Strategy 2019 Skills to Shape a Better Future. (n.d.)"},{"key":"6_CR39","unstructured":"Paiva RS, Oliveira LR, Reis LP (2018) The intersection of formative assessment and digital tools. Master\u2019s thesis, University of Minho, Institutional Repository of the University of Minho. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1822\/60307"},{"key":"6_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paiva RS, Costa AP, Reis LP (2025) ChatGPT as a catalyst for critical and creative thinking. Praxis Educativa 20:1\u201323.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5212\/PraxEduc.v.20.24247.007","DOI":"10.5212\/PraxEduc.v.20.24247.007"},{"key":"6_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Palacios-N\u00fa\u00f1ez ML, R\u00e1ez Martinez HT, Toribio-L\u00f3pez A, Garc\u00e9s Rosendo EJ (2023) Critical thinking and online collaborative learning in university students: a corre study. In: Proceedings of the LACCEI international multi-conference for engineering, education and technology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18687\/LACCEI2023.1.1.159","DOI":"10.18687\/LACCEI2023.1.1.159"},{"key":"6_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ramdani D, Susilo H, Suhadi S, Sueb S (2022) The effectiveness of collaborative learning on critical thinking, creative thinking, and metacognitive skill ability: meta-analysis on biological learning. Eur J Educ Res 11(3):1607\u20131628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12973\/eu-jer.11.3.1607","DOI":"10.12973\/eu-jer.11.3.1607"},{"issue":"6","key":"6_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.5539\/elt.v9n6p189","volume":"9","author":"R Ramezani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ramezani R, Larsari EE, Kiasi MA (2016) The relationship between critical thinking and EFL learners\u2019 speaking ability. Engl Lang Teach 9(6):189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/elt.v9n6p189","journal-title":"Engl Lang Teach"},{"key":"6_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ruiz-Rojas LI, Salvador-Ullauri L, Acosta-Vargas P (2024) Collaborative working and critical thinking: adoption of generative artificial intelligence tools in higher education. Sustainability 16(13). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su16135367","DOI":"10.3390\/su16135367"},{"issue":"3","key":"6_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e602","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdad049","volume":"45","author":"MA Rusandi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rusandi MA, Ahman N, Saripah I, Khairun DY, Mutmainnah N (2023) No worries with ChatGPT: building bridges between artificial intelligence and education with critical thinking soft skills. J Public Health 45(3):e602\u2013e603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdad049","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"6_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salinas-Navarro DE, Vilalta-Perdomo E, Michel-Villarreal R, Montesinos L (2024) Using generative artificial intelligence tools to explain and enhance experiential learning for authentic assessment. Education Sciences 14(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci14010083","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14010083"},{"key":"6_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sardi J, Darmansyah, Candra O, Yuliana DF, Habibullah, Yanto DTP, Eliza F (2025) How generative AI influences students\u2019 self-regulated learning and critical thinking skills? A systematic review. Int J Eng Pedagog 15(1):94\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3991\/ijep.v15i1.53379","DOI":"10.3991\/ijep.v15i1.53379"},{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12967","volume":"40","author":"J \u0160edlbauer","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u0160edlbauer J, \u010cin\u010dera J, Slav\u00edk M, Hartlov\u00e1 A (2024) Students\u2019 reflections on their experience with ChatGPT. J Comput Assist Learn 40(4):1526\u20131534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcal.12967","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Learn"},{"key":"6_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Song W (2019) A study on the influence of teachers\u2019 questioning in high school English reading class on students\u2019 critical thinking. Theory Pract Lang Stud 9(4):424\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17507\/tpls.0904.09","DOI":"10.17507\/tpls.0904.09"},{"key":"6_CR50","unstructured":"Souza, Souza, Costa (2015) Qualitative research\u2014innovation, dilemmas and challenges, 2nd ed. Ludomedia. https:\/\/ludomedia.org\/publicacoes\/e-book-analise-de-conteudo-suportada-por-software-2a-ed\/"},{"key":"6_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spector JM, Ma S (2019) Inquiry and critical thinking skills for the next generation: from artificial intelligence back to human intelligence. Smart Learn Environ 6(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-019-0088-z","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-019-0088-z"},{"key":"6_CR52","unstructured":"Starkey L (2004) Critical thinking skills success. Learning Express, New York"},{"key":"6_CR53","first-page":"141","volume":"17","author":"C Tenreiro-Vieira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tenreiro-Vieira C, Vieira RM (2022) Pensamento cr\u00edtico e criativo para uma educa\u00e7\u00e3o ci\u00eancia-tecnologia-sociedade. Revista CTS 17:141\u2013155","journal-title":"Revista CTS"},{"key":"6_CR54","unstructured":"Thamrin L, Gustian U, Zhongfulin W, Suryadi D (2024) The implementation of contextual learning strategies to stimulate students\u2019 critical thinking skills La aplicaci\u00f3n de estrategias de aprendizaje contextual para estimular la capacidad de pensamiento cr\u00edtico de los estudiantes. Retos Nuevas Tendencias En Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica, Deporte y Recreaci\u00f3n. https:\/\/dialnet.unirioja.es\/servlet\/articulo?codigo=9294849"},{"key":"6_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thurzo A, Strunga M, Urban R, Surovkov\u00e1 J, Afrashtehfar KI (2023) Impact of artificial intelligence on dental education: a review and guide for curriculum update. Educ Sci, 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci13020150","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13020150"},{"key":"6_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tofade T, Elsner J, Haines ST (2013) REVIEWS best practice strategies for effective use of questions as a teaching tool. http:\/\/www.ajpe.org","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe777155"},{"key":"6_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Urban M, Dechterenko F, Lukavsky J, Hrabalov\u00e1 V, Svacha F, Brom C, Urban K (2023) ChatGPT improves creative problem-solving performance in university students: an experimental study. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/9z2tc","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/9z2tc"},{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5277","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10814-7","volume":"27","author":"KL Valaitis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Valaitis KL, Ellis H, Hastings NB, Havard B (2022) The influence of personal attitude on instructor intent to integrate online collaborative activities. Educ Inf Technol 27(4):5277\u20135299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10639-021-10814-7","journal-title":"Educ Inf Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3200\/AEPR.109.4.21-32","volume":"109","author":"DT Willingham","year":"2008","unstructured":"Willingham DT (2008) Critical thinking: why is it so hard to teach? Arts Educ Policy Rev 109(4):21\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3200\/AEPR.109.4.21-32","journal-title":"Arts Educ Policy Rev"},{"key":"6_CR60","unstructured":"World Economic Forum (2016) New vision for education: fostering social and emotional learning through technology. https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/publications\/new-vision-for-education-fostering-social-and-emotional-learning-through-technology\/"},{"key":"6_CR61","volume-title":"Case study research: design and methods","author":"R Yin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Yin R (1994) Case study research: design and methods, 2nd edn. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA","edition":"2"},{"key":"6_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu L, Zin ZM (2023) The critical thinking-oriented adaptations of problem-based learning models: a systematic review. In: Frontiers in education, vol 8. Frontiers Media S.A. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2023.1139987","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2023.1139987"},{"key":"6_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2017.02.018","volume":"52","author":"M Yue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yue M, Zhang M, Zhang C, Jin C (2017) The effectiveness of concept mapping on development of critical thinking in nursing education: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Educ Today 52:87\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2017.02.018","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"6_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zapalska AM, McCarty MD, Young-McLear K, White J (2018) Design of assignments using the 21st century Bloom\u2019s revised taxonomy model for development of critical thinking skills. Probl Perspect Manag 16(2):291\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21511\/ppm.16(2).2018.27","DOI":"10.21511\/ppm.16(2).2018.27"},{"key":"6_CR65","unstructured":"Zhai X (2023) ChatGPT user experience: implications for education. Elsevier, pp 1\u201318. https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4519-1931"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems","Computer Supported Qualitative Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-02999-7_6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T08:22:19Z","timestamp":1773217339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-02999-7_6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"ISBN":["9783032029980","9783032029997"],"references-count":65,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-02999-7_6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2367-3370","2367-3389"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2367-3370","type":"print"},{"value":"2367-3389","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 January 2026","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"WCQR","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"World Conference on Qualitative Research","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Krakow","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Poland","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"4 February 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"6 February 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"9","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"wcqr2025","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/wcqr.ludomedia.org\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}