{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T15:09:55Z","timestamp":1770908995549,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783032104434","type":"print"},{"value":"9783032104441","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-10444-1_13","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T06:58:50Z","timestamp":1762844330000},"page":"203-220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Can Large Language Models Help Students Prove Software Correctness? An Experimental Study with\u00a0Dafny"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Carreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3670795","volume":"37","author":"M Broy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Broy, M., et al.: Does every computer scientist need to know formal methods? Formal Aspects Comput. 37(1), 1\u201317 (2024)","journal-title":"Formal Aspects Comput."},{"key":"13_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capozucca, A., Yampolskyi, D., Goldberg, A., Cristi\u00e1, M.: Do AI assistants help students write formal specifications? a study with ChatGPT and the B-Method. arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.07789 (2025)","DOI":"10.1109\/CSEET66350.2025.00009"},{"key":"13_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrell, M., Reynolds, C., Monahan, R.: Using Dafny to solve the VerifyThis 2021 challenges. In: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Workshop on Formal Techniques for Java-like Programs, pp. 32\u201338 (2021)","DOI":"10.1145\/3464971.3468422"},{"key":"13_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100290","volume":"7","author":"S Groothuijsen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Groothuijsen, S., van den Beemt, A., Remmers, J.C., van Meeuwen, L.W.: AI chatbots in programming education: students\u2019 use in a scientific computing course and consequences for learning. Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell. 7, 100290 (2024)","journal-title":"Comput. Educ. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"13_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanifi, K., Cetin, O., Yilmaz, C.: On ChatGPT: perspectives from software engineering students. In: 2023 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability, and Security (QRS), pp. 196\u2013205. IEEE (2023)","DOI":"10.1109\/QRS60937.2023.00028"},{"issue":"10","key":"13_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.3390\/app14104115","volume":"14","author":"G Jo\u0161t","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jo\u0161t, G., Taneski, V., Karakati\u010d, S.: The impact of large language models on programming education and student learning outcomes. Appl. Sci. 14(10), 4115 (2024)","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"13_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leino, K.R.M.: Dafny: an automatic program verifier for functional correctness. In: International Conference on Logic for Programming Artificial Intelligence and Reasoning, pp. 348\u2013370. Springer (2010)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-17511-4_20"},{"key":"13_CR8","unstructured":"Loughridge, C., et al.: DafnyBench: a benchmark for formal software verification. arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.08467 (2024)"},{"key":"13_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDanel, B., Novak, E.: Designing LLM-resistant programming assignments: Insights and strategies for cs educators. In: Proceedings of the 56th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education vol. 1, pp. 756\u2013762 (2025)","DOI":"10.1145\/3641554.3701872"},{"key":"13_CR10","unstructured":"Mirchev, M., Costea, A., Singh, A.K., Roychoudhury, A.: Assured automatic programming via large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.18494 (2024)"},{"key":"13_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misu, M.R.H., Lopes, C.V., Ma, I., Noble, J.: Towards AI-assisted synthesis of verified Dafny methods. Proc. ACM Softw. Eng. 1(FSE), 812\u2013835 (2024)","DOI":"10.1145\/3643763"},{"issue":"OOPSLA1","key":"13_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1145\/3720499","volume":"9","author":"E Mugnier","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mugnier, E., Gonzalez, E.A., Polikarpova, N., Jhala, R., Yuanyuan, Z.: Laurel: unblocking automated verification with large language models. Proc. ACM Programm. Languages 9(OOPSLA1), 1519\u20131545 (2025)","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Programm. Languages"},{"key":"13_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noble, J., Streader, D., Gariano, I.O., Samarakoon, M.: More programming than programming: Teaching formal methods in a software engineering programme. In: NASA Formal Methods Symposium, pp. 431\u2013450. Springer (2022)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-06773-0_23"},{"key":"13_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pascoal\u00a0Faria, J., Trigo, E., Abreu, R.: Automatic generation of loop invariants in Dafny with large language models. In: International Conference on Fundamentals of Software Engineering, pp. 138\u2013154. Springer (2025)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-87054-5_10"},{"key":"13_CR15","unstructured":"Poesia, G., Loughridge, C., Amin, N.: Dafny-Annotator: AI-assisted verification of Dafny programs. arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.15143 (2024)"},{"key":"13_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad, S., Greenman, B., Nelson, T., Krishnamurthi, S.: Generating programs trivially: student use of large language models. In: Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Global Computing Education Vol 1, pp. 126\u2013132 (2023)","DOI":"10.1145\/3576882.3617921"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3617367","volume":"31","author":"J Prather","year":"2023","unstructured":"Prather, J., et al.: \u201cIt\u2019s weird that it knows what I want\u2019\u2019: usability and interactions with copilot for novice programmers. ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Interaction 31(1), 1\u201331 (2023)","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Interaction"},{"key":"13_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prather, J., et al.: The widening gap: The benefits and harms of generative AI for novice programmers. In: Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research-Volume 1, pp. 469\u2013486 (2024)","DOI":"10.1145\/3632620.3671116"},{"key":"13_CR19","unstructured":"Qureshi, B.: Exploring the use of ChatGPT as a tool for learning and assessment in undergraduate computer science curriculum: Opportunities and challenges. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.11214 (2023)"},{"key":"13_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rungta, N.: A billion SMT queries a day. In: International Conference on Computer Aided Verification, pp. 3\u201318. Springer (2022)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-13185-1_1"},{"key":"13_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, \u00c1.F., Mendes, A., Ferreira, J.F.: Leveraging large language models to boost Dafny\u2019s developers productivity. In: Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE\/ACM 12th International Conference on Formal Methods in Software Engineering (FormaliSE), pp. 138\u2013142 (2024)","DOI":"10.1145\/3644033.3644374"},{"key":"13_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, C., Sheng, Y., Padon, O., Barrett, C.: Clover: closed-loop verifiable code generation. In: International Symposium on AI Verification, pp. 134\u2013155. Springer (2024)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-65112-0_7"},{"issue":"1","key":"13_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-024-00446-5","volume":"21","author":"D Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun, D., Boudouaia, A., Zhu, C., Li, Y.: Would ChatGPT-facilitated programming mode impact college students\u2019 programming behaviors, performances, and perceptions? an empirical study. Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ. 21(1), 14 (2024)","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"13_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, V., Mendes, A., Abreu, A.: Specification-guided repair of arithmetic errors in Dafny programs using LLMs. In: 23rd International Conference on Software Engineering and Formal Methods (SEFM) (2025)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-10444-1_16"},{"key":"13_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, Y., Chen, H., Bai, G.R., Tairas, R., Huang, Y.: Does ChatGPT help with introductory programming? an experiment of students using ChatGPT in CS1. In: Proceedings of the 46th International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering Education and Training, pp. 331\u2013341 (2024)","DOI":"10.1145\/3639474.3640076"}],"container-title":["Lecture Notes in Computer Science","Software Engineering and Formal Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-032-10444-1_13","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T14:07:07Z","timestamp":1770905227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-032-10444-1_13"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"ISBN":["9783032104434","9783032104441"],"references-count":25,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-032-10444-1_13","relation":{},"ISSN":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0302-9743","type":"print"},{"value":"1611-3349","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2025","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"SEFM","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Conference on Software Engineering and Formal Methods","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Toledo","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Spain","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2025","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"10 November 2025","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"14 November 2025","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"23","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"sefm2025","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/sefm-conference.github.io\/2025\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}