{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T05:02:49Z","timestamp":1778648569933,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783319201788","type":"print"},{"value":"9783319201795","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20179-5_4","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]],"date-time":"2015-08-25T14:36:52Z","timestamp":1440513412000},"page":"57-80","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Sustainable Power Generation from Salinity Gradient Energy by Reverse Electrodialysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Sylwin","family":"Pawlowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Svetlozar","family":"Velizarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"4_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2014.08.074","volume":"74","author":"O Alvarez-Silva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alvarez-Silva O, Osorio AF (2015) Salinity gradient energy potential in Colombia considering site specific constraints. Renew Energy 74:737\u2013748","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"4_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2010.05.011","volume":"360","author":"J Balster","year":"2010","unstructured":"Balster J, Stamatialis DF, Wessling M (2010) Membrane with integrated spacer. J Membr Sci 360:185\u2013189","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13458","DOI":"10.1021\/jp062433f","volume":"110","author":"E Belova","year":"2006","unstructured":"Belova E, Lopatkova G, Pismenskaya N, Nikonenko V, Larchet C, Pourcelly G (2006) Effect of anion-exchange membrane surface properties on mechanisms of overlimiting mass transfer. J Phys Chem B 110:13458\u201313469","journal-title":"J Phys Chem B"},{"key":"4_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2008.10.003","volume":"237","author":"E Brauns","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brauns E (2009) Salinity gradient power by reverse electrodialysis: effect of model parameters on electrical power output. Desalination 237:378\u2013391","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"4_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2011.09.048","volume":"285","author":"OS Burheim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Burheim OS, Seland F, Pharoah JG, Kjelstrup S (2012) Improved electrode systems for reverse electro-dialysis and electro-dialysis. Desalination 285:147\u2013152","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"4_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.2002.8407","volume":"251","author":"J Choi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Choi J, Park J, Moon S (2002) Direct measurement of concentration distribution within the boundary layer of an ion-exchange membrane. J Colloid Interface Sci 251:311\u2013317","journal-title":"J Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"4_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11475","volume":"488","author":"S Chu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chu S, Majumdar A (2012) Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future. Nature 488:294\u2013303","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.12.066","volume":"119","author":"A Daniilidis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Daniilidis A, Herber R, Vermaas DA (2014a) Upscale potential and financial feasibility of a reverse electrodialysis power plant. Appl Energy 119:257\u2013265","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"4_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2013.11.001","volume":"64","author":"A Daniilidis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Daniilidis A, Vermaas DA, Herber R, Nijmeijer K (2014b) Experimentally obtainable energy from mixing river water, seawater or brines with reverse electrodialysis. Renew Energy 64:123\u2013131","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"4_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2008.03.037","volume":"319","author":"P Dlugolecki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dlugolecki P, Nymeijer K, Metz SJ, Wessling M (2008) Current status of ion exchange membranes for power generation from salinity gradients. J Membr Sci 319:214\u2013222","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6888","DOI":"10.1021\/es9009635","volume":"43","author":"P Dlugolecki","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dlugolecki P, Gambier A, Nijmeijer K, Wessling M (2009) Practical potential of reverse electrodialysis as process for sustainable energy generation. Environ Sci Technol 43:6888\u20136894","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"4_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2009.09.033","volume":"346","author":"P Dlugolecki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dlugolecki P, Anet B, Metz SJ, Nijmeijer K, Wessling M (2010a) Transport limitations in ion exchange membranes at low salt concentrations. J Membr Sci 346:163\u2013171","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2009.11.069","volume":"349","author":"P Dlugolecki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dlugolecki P, Ogonowski P, Metz SJ, Saakes M, Nijmeijer K, Wessling M (2010b) On the resistances of membrane, diffusion boundary layer and double layer in ion exchange membrane transport. J Membr Sci 349:369\u2013379","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2009.10.011","volume":"347","author":"P Dlugolecki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dlugolecki P, Dabrowska J, Nijmeijer K, Wessling M (2010c) Ion conductive spacers for increased power generation in reverse electrodialysis. J Membr Sci 347:101\u2013107","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.12720\/sgce.2.2.295-300","volume":"2","author":"Y Emami","year":"2013","unstructured":"Emami Y, Mehrangiz S, Etemadi A, Mostafazadeh A, Darvishi S (2013) A brief review about salinity gradient energy. Int J Smart Grid Clean Energy 2:295\u2013300","journal-title":"Int J Smart Grid Clean Energy"},{"key":"4_CR16","unstructured":"European Commission (2011) Background on energy in Europe, Information prepared for the European Council, 4 Feb 2011"},{"key":"4_CR17","unstructured":"Eurostat (2014) The EU in the world 2014. A statistical portrait, Publications Office of the European Union, 2014"},{"key":"4_CR18","unstructured":"Forster J (2014) Environment and energy\u2014water use in industry. Eurostat\u2014statistics in focus 14\/2014"},{"key":"4_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2013.04.022","volume":"442","author":"AH Galama","year":"2013","unstructured":"Galama AH, Post JW, Cohen Stuart MA, Biesheuvel PM (2013) Validity of the Boltzmann equation to describe Donnan equilibrium at the membrane-solution interface. J Membr Sci 442:131\u2013139","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.05.046","volume":"467","author":"AH Galama","year":"2014","unstructured":"Galama AH, Vermaas DA, Veerman J, Saakes M, Rijnaarts HHM, Post JW, Nijmeijer K (2014a) Membrane resistance: the effect of salinity gradients over a cation exchange membrane. J Membr Sci 467:279\u2013291","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2013.10.050","volume":"452","author":"AH Galama","year":"2014","unstructured":"Galama AH, Daubaras G, Burheim OS, Rijnaarts HHM, Post JW (2014b) Seawater electrodialysis with preferential removal of divalent ions. J Membr Sci 452:219\u2013228","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.2613","volume":"86","author":"CF Galinha","year":"2011","unstructured":"Galinha CF, Carvalho G, Portugal CAM, Guglielmi G, Reis MAM, Crespo JG (2011) Two-dimensional fluorescence as a fingerprinting tool for monitoring wastewater treatment systems. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 86:985\u2013992","journal-title":"J Chem Technol Biotechnol"},{"key":"4_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.04.010","volume":"46","author":"CF Galinha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Galinha CF, Carvalho G, Portugal CAM, Guglielmi G, Reis MAM, Crespo JG (2012) Multivariate statistically-based modelling of a membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment using 2D fluorescence monitoring data. Water Res 46:3623\u20133636","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"4_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1021\/ez4000719","volume":"1","author":"GM Geise","year":"2014","unstructured":"Geise GM, Curtis AJ, Hatzell MC, Hickner MA, Logan BE (2014a) Salt concentration differences alter membrane resistance in reverse electrodialysis stacks. Environ Sci Technol Lett 1:36\u201339","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol Lett"},{"key":"4_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21673","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CP03076A","volume":"16","author":"GM Geise","year":"2014","unstructured":"Geise GM, Cassady HJ, Paul DR, Logan BE, Hickner MA (2014b) Specific ion effects on membrane potential and the permselectivity of ion exchange membranes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 16:21673\u201321681","journal-title":"Phys Chem Chem Phys"},{"key":"4_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2010.05.054","volume":"360","author":"V Geraldes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Geraldes V, Afonso MD (2010) Limiting current density in the electrodialysis of multi-ionic solutions. J Membr Sci 360:499\u2013508","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.201200298","volume":"5","author":"E Guler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guler E, Zhang Y, Saakes M, Nijmeijer K (2012) Tailor-made anion-exchange membranes for salinity gradient power generation using reverse electrodialysis. Chem Sus Chem 5:2262\u20132270","journal-title":"Chem Sus Chem"},{"key":"4_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2013.06.045","volume":"446","author":"E Guler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guler E, Elizen R, Vermaas DA, Saakes M, Nijmeijer K (2013) Performance-determining membrane properties in reverse electrodialysis. J Membr Sci 446:266\u2013276","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2013.12.054","volume":"455","author":"E Guler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guler E, Baak W, Saakes M, Nijmeijer K (2014a) Monovalent-ion-selective membranes for reverse electrodialysis. J Membr Sci 455:254\u2013270","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.01.060","volume":"458","author":"E Guler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guler E, Elizen R, Saakes M, Nijmeijer K (2014b) Micro-structured membranes for electricity generation by reverse electrodialysis. J Membr Sci 458:136\u2013148","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"4_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1021\/sc5004133","volume":"2","author":"M Hatzell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hatzell M, Zhu X, Logan BE (2014) Simultaneous hydrogen generation and waste acid neutralization in a reverse electrodialysis system. Sustain Chem Eng 2(9):2211\u20132216","journal-title":"Sustain Chem Eng"},{"key":"4_CR32","first-page":"3","volume":"5","author":"F Helfer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Helfer F, Sahin O, Lemckert CJ, Anissimov YG (2013) Salinity gradient energy: a new source of renewable energy in Australia. Water Utility J 5:3\u201313","journal-title":"Water Utility J"},{"key":"4_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.04.015","volume":"110","author":"J Hong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hong J, Zhang W, Luo J, Chen Y (2013) Modeling of power generation from the mixing of simulated saline and freshwater with a reverse electrodialysis system: the effect of monovalent and multivalent ions. Appl Energy 110:244\u2013251","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"4_CR34","unstructured":"http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/clima\/policies\/roadmap\/perspective\/index_en.htm. Accessed 10 Nov 2014"},{"key":"4_CR35","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.fujifilm.eu\/dk\/nyheder\/article\/news\/fujifilm-membranes-in-blue-energy-test-power-station\/. Consulted in 5 Jan 2015"},{"key":"4_CR36","unstructured":"Huckerby J, Jeffrey H, Sedgwick J, Jay B, Finlay L (2012) An international vision for Ocean energy\u2013version II. Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement (OESIEA)"},{"key":"4_CR37","first-page":"2284","volume":"4","author":"AT Jones","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jones AT, Finley W (2003) Recent developments in salinity gradient power. OCEANS 2003 Proc 4:2284\u20132287","journal-title":"OCEANS 2003 Proc"},{"key":"4_CR38","unstructured":"Kempener R, Neumann F (2014) Salinity gradient energy\u2014technology brief. IRENA Ocean Energy Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"4_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s11814-011-0198-y","volume":"29","author":"K Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim K, Ryoo W, Chun M, Chung G, Lee S (2012) Transport analysis in reverse electrodialysis with pulsatile flows for enhanced power generation. Korean J Chem Eng 29(2):162\u2013168","journal-title":"Korean J Chem Eng"},{"key":"4_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-012-0457-6","volume":"42","author":"R Kodym","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kodym R, Panek P, Snita D, Tvrzn\u0131k D, Bouzek K (2012) Macro homogeneous approach to a two-dimensional mathematical model of an industrial-scale electrodialysis unit. J Appl Electrochem 42:645\u2013666","journal-title":"J Appl Electrochem"},{"key":"4_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1134\/S1023193510120074","volume":"46","author":"A Kozmai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kozmai A, Nikonenko V, Pismenskaya N, Pryakhina O, Sistat P, Pourcelly G (2010) Diffusion layer thickness in a membrane system as determined from voltammetric and chronopotentiometric data. Russ J Electrochem 46:1383\u20131389","journal-title":"Russ J Electrochem"},{"key":"4_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(99)00134-9","volume":"162","author":"JJ Krol","year":"1999","unstructured":"Krol JJ, Wessling M, Strathmann H (1999) Chronopotentiometry and overlimiting ion transport through monopolar ion exchange membranes. J Membr Sci 162:155\u2013164","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"issue":"S1","key":"4_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/19438151003680850","volume":"7","author":"J Kuleszo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuleszo J, Kroeze C, Post JW, Fekete BM (2010) The potential of blue energy for reducing emissions of CO2 and non-CO2 greenhouse gases. J Integr Environ Sci 7(S1):89\u201396","journal-title":"J Integr Environ Sci"},{"key":"4_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-8018(80)90030-X","volume":"7","author":"RE Lacey","year":"1980","unstructured":"Lacey RE (1980) Energy by reverse electrodialysis. Ocean Eng 7:1\u201347","journal-title":"Ocean Eng"},{"key":"4_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11477","volume":"488","author":"BE Logan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Logan BE, Elimelech M (2012) Membrane-based processes for sustainable power generation using water. Nature 488:313\u2013319","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217412","volume":"337","author":"BE Logan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Logan BE, Rabaey K (2012) Conversion of wastes into bioelectricity and chemicals by using microbial electrochemical technologies. Science 337:686\u2013690","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2012.03.004","volume":"19","author":"X Luo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Luo X, Cao X, Mo Y, Xiao K, Zhang X, Liang P, Huang X (2012) Power generation by coupling reverse electrodialysis and ammonium bicarbonate: implication for recovery of waste heat. Electrochem Commun 19:25\u201328","journal-title":"Electrochem Commun"},{"issue":"15","key":"4_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8911","DOI":"10.1021\/es501979z","volume":"48","author":"X Luo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Luo X, Zhang F, Liu J, Zhang X, Huang X, Logan BE (2014) Methane production in microbial reverse-electrodialysis methanogenesis cells (MRMCs) using thermolytic solutions. Environ Sci Technol 48(15):8911\u20138918","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"4_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3727\/194982412X13500042168857","volume":"14","author":"CR Merz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Merz CR, Moreno WA, Barger M, Lipka SM (2012) Salinity gradient power (SGP): a developmental roadmap covering existing generation technologies and recent investigative results into the feasibility of bipolar membrane-based salinity gradient power generation. Technol Innov 14:249\u2013275","journal-title":"Technol Innov"},{"key":"4_CR50","unstructured":"Murray C, Blackledge J, Kearney D (2013) The feasibility of salinity gradient technology for Ireland: an initial case study by the river Suir. J Dev Appl Ocean Eng 1\u201311"},{"key":"4_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5240","DOI":"10.1021\/es300228m","volume":"46","author":"J Nam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nam J, Cusick RD, Kim Y, Logan BE (2012) Hydrogen generation in microbial reverse-electrodialysis electrolysis cells using a heat-regenerated salt solution. Environ Sci Technol 46:5240\u20135246","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"4_CR52","unstructured":"Neuman F, Hamelers B, Siebers R, Helsen J, Schroeder R, Stenzel P (2012) Report of the meeting on salinity gradient power generation. INES, Brussels 20 of June 2012"},{"key":"4_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2010.08.001","volume":"160","author":"VV Nikonenko","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nikonenko VV, Pismenskaya ND, Belova EI, Sistat P, Huguet P, Pourcelly G, Larchet C (2010) Intensive current transfer in membrane systems: modelling, mechanisms and application in electrodialysis. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 160:101\u2013123","journal-title":"Adv Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"4_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2014.01.008","volume":"342","author":"VV Nikonenko","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nikonenko VV, Kovalenko AV, Urtenov MK, Pismenskaya ND, Han J, Sistat P, Pourcelly G (2014) Desalination at overlimiting currents: state-of-the-art and perspectives. Desalination 342:85\u2013106","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"4_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/174660a0","volume":"174","author":"RE Pattle","year":"1954","unstructured":"Pattle RE (1954) Production of electric power by mixing fresh and salt water in the hydroelectric pile. Nature 174:660","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.03.020","volume":"462","author":"S Pawlowski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pawlowski S, Crespo JG, Velizarov S (2014a) Pressure drop in reverse electrodialysis: experimental and modeling studies for stacks with variable number of cell pairs. J Membr Sci 462:96\u2013111","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.07.075","volume":"471","author":"S Pawlowski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pawlowski S, Sistat P, Crespo JG, Velizarov S (2014b) Mass transfer in reverse electrodialysis: flow entrance effects and diffusion boundary layer thickness. J Membr Sci 471:72\u201383","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2003.09.012","volume":"228","author":"N Pismenskaia","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pismenskaia N, Sistat P, Huguet P, Nikonenko V, Pourcelly G (2004) Chronopotentiometry applied to the study of ion transfer through anion exchange membranes. J Membr Sci 228:65\u201376","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1134\/S102319350703010X","volume":"43","author":"N Pismenskaya","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pismenskaya N, Nikonenko V, Belova E, Lopatkova G, Sistat P, Pourcelly G, Larshe K (2007) Coupled convection of solution near the surface of ion exchange membranes in intensive current regimes. Russ J Electrochem 43:307\u2013327","journal-title":"Russ J Electrochem"},{"key":"4_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2006.11.018","volume":"288","author":"JW Post","year":"2007","unstructured":"Post JW, Veerman J, Hamelers HVM, Euverink GJW, Metz SJ, Nymeijer K, Buisman CJN (2007) Salinity-gradient power: evaluation of pressure-retarded osmosis and reverse electrodialysis. J Membr Sci 288:218\u2013230","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5785","DOI":"10.1021\/es8004317","volume":"42","author":"JW Post","year":"2008","unstructured":"Post JW, Hamelers HVM, Buisman CJN (2008) Energy recovery from controlled mixing salt and fresh water with a reverse electrodialysis system. Environ Sci Technol 42:5785\u20135790","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"4_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2008.12.042","volume":"330","author":"JW Post","year":"2009","unstructured":"Post JW, Hamelers HVM, Buisman CJN (2009) Influence of multivalent ions on power production from mixing salt and fresh water with a reverse electrodialysis system. J Membr Sci 330:65\u201372","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-9164(86)85001-9","volume":"60","author":"IG Racz","year":"1986","unstructured":"Racz IG, Groot Wassink J, Klaassen R (1986) Mass transfer, fluid flow and membrane properties in flat and corrugated plate hyper filtration modules. Desalination 60:213\u2013222","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"4_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4423","DOI":"10.1039\/c1ee01913a","volume":"4","author":"GZ Ramon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ramon GZ, Feinberg BJ, Hoek EMV (2011) Membrane-based production of salinity-gradient power. Energy Environ Sci 4:4423\u20134434","journal-title":"Energy Environ Sci"},{"key":"4_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2012.05.017","volume":"681","author":"O Scialdone","year":"2012","unstructured":"Scialdone O, Guarisco C, Grispo S, Angelo A, Galia A (2012) Investigation of electrode material\u2014redox couple systems for reverse electrodialysis processes. Part I: iron redox couples. J Electroanal Chem 681:66\u201375","journal-title":"J Electroanal Chem"},{"key":"4_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2014.06.007","volume":"137","author":"O Scialdone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scialdone O, Angelo A, Lume E, Galia A (2014) Cathodic reduction of hexavalent chromium coupled with electricity generation achieved by reverse-electrodialysis processes using salinity gradients. Electrochim Acta 137:258\u2013265","journal-title":"Electrochim Acta"},{"key":"4_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2014.11.024","volume":"738","author":"O Scialdone","year":"2015","unstructured":"Scialdone O, Angelo A, Galia A (2015) Energy generation and abatement of Acid Orange 7 in reverse electrodialysis cells using salinity gradients. J Electroanal Chem 738:61\u201368","journal-title":"J Electroanal Chem"},{"key":"4_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(96)00210-4","volume":"123","author":"P Sistat","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sistat P, Pourcelly G (1997) Chronopotentiometric response of an ion-exchange membrane in the under limiting current-range. Transport phenomena within the diffusion layers. J Membr Sci 123:121\u2013131","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR69","unstructured":"Slagt M (2012) Blue energy: current status and progress of RED. 3rd Osmosis membrane Summit Barcelona, April 26\u201327, 2012"},{"key":"4_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs2005.124","volume":"30","author":"RE Smalley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Smalley RE (2005) Future global energy prosperity: the terawatt challenge. Mater Res Soc Bull 30:412\u2013417","journal-title":"Mater Res Soc Bull"},{"key":"4_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2010.04.069","volume":"264","author":"H Strathmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Strathmann H (2010) Electrodialysis, a mature technology with a multitude of new applications. Desalination 264:268\u2013288","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"4_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10364","DOI":"10.1021\/ie4002102","volume":"52","author":"H Strathmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Strathmann H, Grabowski A, Eigenberger G (2013) Ion-exchange membranes in the chemical process industry. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:10364\u201310379","journal-title":"Ind Eng Chem Res"},{"key":"4_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2012.699355","volume":"49","author":"M Tedesco","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tedesco M, Cipollina A, Tamburini A, Baak W, Micale G (2012) Modelling the reverse electrodialysis process with seawater and concentrated brines. Desalin Water Treat 49:404\u2013424","journal-title":"Desalin Water Treat"},{"key":"4_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2014.05.009","volume":"93","author":"M Tedesco","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tedesco M, Cipollina A, Tamburini A, Bogle IDL, Micale G (2015) A simulation tool for analysis and design of reverse electrodialysis using concentrated brines. Chem Eng Res Des 93:441\u2013456","journal-title":"Chem Eng Res Des"},{"key":"4_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42617","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA05968A","volume":"4","author":"R Tufa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tufa R, Curcio E, Baak W, Veerman J, Grasman S, Fontananova E, Profio G (2014) Potential of brackish water and brine for energy generation by salinity gradient power-reverse electrodialysis (SGP-RE). RSC Adv 4:42617\u201342623","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"4_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2007.11.032","volume":"310","author":"J Veerman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Veerman J, Post JW, Saakes M, Metz SJ, Harmsen GJ (2008) Reducing power losses caused by ionic shortcut currents in reverse electrodialysis stacks by a validated model. J Membr Sci 310:418\u2013430","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2008.11.015","volume":"327","author":"J Veerman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Veerman J, Saakes M, Metz SJ, Harmsen GJ (2009) Reverse electrodialysis: performance of a stack with 50 cells on the mixing of sea and river water. J Membr Sci 327:136\u2013144","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9207","DOI":"10.1021\/es1009345","volume":"44","author":"J Veerman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Veerman J, Saakes M, Metz SJ, Harmsen GJ (2010a) Electrical power from sea and river water by reverse electrodialysis: a first step from the laboratory to a real power plant. Environ Sci Technol 44:9207\u20139212","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"4_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-010-0124-8","volume":"40","author":"J Veerman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Veerman J, Saakes M, Metz SJ, Harmsen GJ (2010b) Reverse electrodialysis: evaluation of suitable electrode systems. J Appl Electrochem 40:1461\u20131474","journal-title":"J Appl Electrochem"},{"key":"4_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2010.10.071","volume":"166","author":"J Veerman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Veerman J, Saakes M, Metz SJ, Harmsen GJ (2011) Reverse electrodialysis: a validated process model for design and optimization. Chem Eng J 166:256\u2013268","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"4_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7089","DOI":"10.1021\/es2012758","volume":"45","author":"DA Vermaas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vermaas DA, Saakes M, Nijmeijer K (2011a) Doubled power density from salinity gradients at reduced inter membrane distance. Environ Sci Technol 45:7089\u20137095","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"4_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2011.09.043","volume":"385\u2013386","author":"DA Vermaas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vermaas DA, Saakes M, Nijmeijer K (2011b) Power generation using profiled membranes in reverse electrodialysis. J Membr Sci 385\u2013386:234\u2013242","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2012.03.018","volume":"20","author":"DA Vermaas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vermaas DA, Guler E, Saakes M, Nijmeijer K (2012) Theoretical power density from salinity gradients using reverse electrodialysis. Energy Proc 20:170\u2013184","journal-title":"Energy Proc"},{"issue":"10","key":"4_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1021\/sc400150w","volume":"1","author":"DA Vermaas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vermaas DA, Veerman J, Yip NY, Elimelech M, Saakes M, Nijmeijer K (2013a) High efficiency in energy generation from salinity gradients with reverse electrodialysis. Sustain Chem Eng 1(10):1295\u20131302","journal-title":"Sustain Chem Eng"},{"key":"4_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1039\/C2EE23562E","volume":"6","author":"DA Vermaas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vermaas DA, Bajracharya S, Sales B, Saakes M, Hamelers B, Nijmeijer K (2013b) Clean energy generation using capacitive electrodes in reverse electrodialysis. Energy Environ Sci 6:643\u2013651","journal-title":"Energy Environ Sci"},{"key":"4_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.11.053","volume":"47","author":"DA Vermaas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vermaas DA, Kunteng D, Saakes M, Nijmeijer K (2013c) Fouling in reverse electrodialysis under natural conditions. Water Res 47:1289\u20131298","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"4_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2013.11.005","volume":"453","author":"DA Vermaas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vermaas DA, Saakes M, Nijmeijer K (2014a) Enhanced mixing in the diffusive boundary layer for energy generation in reverse electrodialysis. J Membr Sci 453:312\u2013319","journal-title":"J Membr Sci"},{"key":"4_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2013.11.094","volume":"117","author":"DA Vermaas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vermaas DA, Saakes M, Nijmeijer K (2014b) Early detection of preferential channeling in reverse electrodialysis. Electrochim Acta 117:9\u201317","journal-title":"Electrochim Acta"},{"key":"4_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1039\/C3EE43501F","volume":"7","author":"DA Vermaas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vermaas DA, Veerman J, Saakes M, Nijmeijer K (2014c) Influence of multivalent ions on renewable energy generation in reverse electrodialysis. Energy Environ Sci 7:1434\u20131445","journal-title":"Energy Environ Sci"},{"key":"4_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1021\/es4045456","volume":"48","author":"DA Vermaas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vermaas DA, Kunteng D, Veerman J, Saakes M, Nijmeijer K (2014d) Periodic feed water reversal and air sparging as antifouling strategies in reverse electrodialysis. Environ Sci Technol 48:3065\u20133073","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"4_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11002","DOI":"10.1021\/es5029316","volume":"48","author":"N Yip","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yip N, Elimelech M (2014) Comparison of energy efficiency and power density in pressure retarded osmosis and reverse electrodialysis. Environ Sci Technol 48:11002\u201311012","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"4_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4925","DOI":"10.1021\/es5005413","volume":"48","author":"N Yip","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yip N, Vermaas DA, Nijmeijer K, Elimelech M (2014) Thermodynamic, energy efficiency, and power density analysis of reverse electrodialysis power generation with natural salinity gradients. Environ Sci Technol 48:4925\u20134936","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"}],"container-title":["Electrokinetics Across Disciplines and Continents"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-319-20179-5_4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T15:59:25Z","timestamp":1675871965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-20179-5_4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"ISBN":["9783319201788","9783319201795"],"references-count":92,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-20179-5_4","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}}}