{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T22:15:44Z","timestamp":1757542544807,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9783319233918"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9783319233925"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,20]],"date-time":"2015-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,20]],"date-time":"2015-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23392-5_24","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,19]],"date-time":"2015-11-19T10:52:14Z","timestamp":1447930334000},"page":"437-453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Unsupervised Analysis of Morphological ECG Features for Attention Detection"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Carreiras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Aidos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hugo Pl\u00e1cido","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana L. N.","family":"Fred","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"24_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2008.10.011","volume":"21","author":"SH Fairclough","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fairclough, S.H.: Fundamentals of physiological computing. Interact. Comput. 21(1), 133\u2013145 (2009)","journal-title":"Interact. Comput."},{"issue":"5","key":"24_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2010.516915","volume":"25","author":"MD Pell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pell, M.D., Jaywant, A., Monetta, L., Kotz, S.A.: Emotional speech processing: disentangling the effects of prosody and semantic cues. Cogn. Emot. 25(5), 834\u2013853 (2011)","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"24_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epp, C., Lippold, M., Mandryk, R.L.: Identifying emotional states using keystroke dynamics. In: Proceedings of the 2011 Annual Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 715\u2013724. ACM (2011)","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979046"},{"key":"24_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1121\/1.405558","volume":"93","author":"IR Murray","year":"1993","unstructured":"Murray, I.R., Arnott, J.L.: Toward the simulation of emotion in synthetic speech: a review of the literature on human vocal emotion. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93, 1097 (1993)","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"24_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2005.860849","volume":"17","author":"W Zheng","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zheng, W., Zhou, X., Zou, C., Zhao, L.: Facial expression recognition using kernel canonical correlation analysis (kcca). IEEE Trans. Neural Networks 17(1), 233\u2013238 (2006)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Networks"},{"issue":"6111","key":"24_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1224313","volume":"338","author":"H Aviezer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aviezer, H., Trope, Y., Todorov, A.: Body cues, not facial expressions, discriminate between intense positive and negative emotions. Science 338(6111), 1225\u20131229 (2012)","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"24_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canento, F., Fred, A., Silva, H., Gamboa, H., Louren\u00e7o, A.: Multimodal biosignal sensor data handling for emotion recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Sensors Conference, pp. 647\u2013650. IEEE Press (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2011.6127029"},{"key":"24_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, H., Fred, A., Eusebio, S., Torrado, M., Ouakinin, S.: Feature extraction for psychophysiological load assessment in unconstrained scenarios. In: Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), pp. 4784\u20134787. IEEE Press (2012)","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2012.6347037"},{"issue":"6","key":"24_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(85)90081-8","volume":"23","author":"GL Ahern","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ahern, G.L., Schwartz, G.E.: Differential lateralization for positive and negative emotion in the human brain: EEG spectral analysis. Neuropsychologia 23(6), 745\u2013755 (1985)","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"24_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195169157.001.0001","volume-title":"Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment","author":"JA Coan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Coan, J.A., Allen, J.J.: Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2007)"},{"key":"24_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2009.2035356","volume":"2","author":"JN Mak","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mak, J.N., Wolpaw, J.R.: Clinical applications of brain-computer interfaces: current state and future prospects. IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2, 187\u2013199 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"24_CR12","unstructured":"Medina, L.: Identification of stress states from ECG signals using unsupervised learning methods. Master\u2019s thesis, Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (2009)"},{"key":"24_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belle, A., Ji, S.Y., Ansari, S., Hakimzadeh, R., Ward, K., Najarian, K.: Frustration detection with electrocardiograph signal using wavelet transform. In: IEEE International Conference on Biosciences (BIOSCIENCESWORLD), pp. 91\u201394. IEEE Press (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/BioSciencesWorld.2010.19"},{"key":"24_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belle, A., Hargraves, R.H., Najarian, K.: An automated optimal engagement and attention detection system using electrocardiogram. Comput. Math. Meth. Med. 2012 (2012)","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/528781"},{"key":"24_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carreiras, C., Aidos, H., Silva, H., Fred, A.: Exploratory EEG analysis using clustering and phase-locking factor. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Bio-Inspired Systems and Signal Processing (BIOSIGNALS 2013), pp. 79\u201388. SCITEPRESS (2013)","DOI":"10.5220\/0004251300790088"},{"key":"24_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, H., Louren\u00e7o, A., Louren\u00e7o, R., Leite, P., Coutinho, D., Fred, A.: Study and evaluation of a single differential sensor design based on electro-textile electrodes for ECG biometrics applications. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Sensors Conference, pp. 1764\u20131767. IEEE Press (2011)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2011.6127028"},{"issue":"1","key":"24_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00251.x","volume":"3","author":"RW Levenson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Levenson, R.W.: Autonomic nervous system differences among emotions. Psychol. Sci. 3(1), 23\u201327 (1992)","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"24_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195058239.001.0001","volume-title":"Bioelectromagnetism: Principles and Applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Fields","author":"J Malmivuo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Malmivuo, J., Plonsey, R.: Bioelectromagnetism: Principles and Applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Fields. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1995)"},{"key":"24_CR19","unstructured":"Gamboa, H., Silva, H., Fred, A.: HiMotion Project. Technical report, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Lisbon, Portugal (2007)"},{"key":"24_CR20","unstructured":"Fulton, J.: Mensa Book of Total Genius. Barnes & Noble Books, Totowa (1999)"},{"key":"24_CR21","first-page":"37","volume":"6","author":"WAH Engelse","year":"1979","unstructured":"Engelse, W.A.H., Zeelenberg, C.: A single scan algorithm for QRS-detection and feature extraction. Comput. Cardiol. 6, 37\u201342 (1979)","journal-title":"Comput. Cardiol."},{"key":"24_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canento, F., Louren\u00e7o, A., Silva, H., Fred, A., Raposo, N.: On real time ECG algorithms for biometric applications. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Bio-Inspired Systems and Signal Processing (BIOSIGNALS 2013), pp. 228\u2013235. SCITEPRESS (2013)","DOI":"10.5220\/0004245902280235"},{"issue":"11","key":"24_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00141-8","volume":"110","author":"G. Pfurtscheller","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pfurtscheller, G., Lopes\u00a0da Silva, F.H.: Event-related EEG\/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles. Clin. Neurophysiol. 110, 1842\u20131857 (1999)","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"24_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00599-2_26","volume-title":"Independent Component Analysis and Signal Separation","author":"Miguel Almeida","year":"2009","unstructured":"Almeida, M., Bioucas-Dias, J., Vig\u00e1rio, R.: Source separation of phase-locked subspaces. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Independent Component Analysis and Signal Separation, vol. 5441, pp. 203\u2013210 (2009)"},{"key":"24_CR25","volume-title":"Algorithms for Clustering Data","author":"AK Jain","year":"1988","unstructured":"Jain, A.K., Dubes, R.C.: Algorithms for Clustering Data. Prentice-Hall Inc, Upper Saddle River (1988)"},{"key":"24_CR26","unstructured":"Theodoridis, S., Koutroumbas, K.: Patern Recognition. Academic Press (1999)"},{"key":"24_CR27","first-page":"442","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"Ana Fred","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fred, A., Jain, A.: Evidence accumulation clustering based on the k-means algorithm. In: Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition, pp. 303\u2013333 (2002)"},{"issue":"8","key":"24_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2003.1217600","volume":"25","author":"A.L.N. Fred","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fred, A., Leit\u00e3o, J.: A new cluster isolation criterion based on dissimilarity increments. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 25(8), 944\u2013958 (2003)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"24_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23199-5_21","volume-title":"Machine Learning and Data Mining in Pattern Recognition","author":"Helena Aidos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aidos, H., Fred, A.: Hierarchical clustering with high order dissimilarities. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Machine Learning and Data Mining (MLDM 2011). LNCS, vol. 6871, pp. 280\u2013293. New York, USA (2011)"},{"issue":"9","key":"24_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2011.12.009","volume":"45","author":"H Aidos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aidos, H., Fred, A.: Statistical modeling of dissimilarity increments for d-dimensional data: application in partitional clustering. Pattern Recogn. 45(9), 3061\u20133071 (2012)","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn."},{"issue":"4","key":"24_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.32","volume":"1","author":"J Ghosh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ghosh, J., Acharya, A.: Cluster ensembles. WIREs Data Mining Knowled. Discovery 1(4), 305\u2013315 (2011)","journal-title":"WIREs Data Mining Knowled. Discovery"},{"issue":"3","key":"24_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001411008683","volume":"25","author":"S Vega-Pons","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vega-Pons, S., Ruiz-Shulcloper, J.: A survey of clustering ensemble algorithms. Int. J. Pattern Recogn. Artifical Intell. (IJPRAI) 25(3), 337\u2013372 (2011)","journal-title":"Int. J. Pattern Recogn. Artifical Intell. (IJPRAI)"},{"issue":"6","key":"24_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.113","volume":"27","author":"Ana L.N. Fred","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fred, A., Jain, A.K.: Combining multiple clustering using evidence accumulation. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 27(6), 835\u2013850 (2005)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"24_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louren\u00e7o, A., Fred, A., Jain, A.K.: On the scalability of evidence accumulation clustering. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), pp. 782\u2013785. IEEE Press (2010)","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2010.197"},{"issue":"11","key":"24_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.226","volume":"28","author":"LI Kuncheva","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kuncheva, L.I., Vetrov, D.P.: Evaluation of stability of k-means cluster ensembles with respect to random initialization. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 28(11), 1798\u20131808 (2006)","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"24_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louren\u00e7o, A., Rota\u00a0Bul\u00f2, S., Rebagliati, N., Figueiredo, M., Fred, A., Pelillo, M.: Probabilistic evidence accumulation for clustering ensembles. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods (ICPRAM), pp. 58\u201367. SCITEPRESS (2013)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12610-4_6"},{"key":"24_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(79)90034-7","volume":"11","author":"R Dubes","year":"1979","unstructured":"Dubes, R., Jain, A.: Validity studies in clustering methodologies. Pattern Recogn. 11, 235\u2013254 (1979)","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn."},{"key":"24_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012801612483","volume":"17","author":"M Halkidi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Halkidi, M., Batistakis, Y., Vazirgiannis, M.: On clustering validation techniques. J. Intell. Inform. Syst. 17, 107\u2013145 (2001)","journal-title":"J. Intell. Inform. Syst."},{"issue":"5","key":"24_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmva.2006.11.013","volume":"98","author":"M Meil\u0103","year":"2007","unstructured":"Meil\u0103, M.: Comparing clusterings\u2013an information based distance. J. Multivar. Anal. 98(5), 873\u2013895 (2007)","journal-title":"J. Multivar. Anal."},{"key":"24_CR40","unstructured":"Ben-Hur, A., Elisseeff, A., Guyon, I.: A stability based method for discovering structure in clustered data. In: Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing, pp. 6\u201317 (2002)"},{"issue":"9","key":"24_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2008.200","volume":"21","author":"Ping Luo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Luo, P., Xiong, H., Zhan, G., Wu, J., Shi, Z.: Information-theoretic distance measures for clustering validation: generalization and normalization. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 21(9), 1249\u20131262 (2009)","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"issue":"383","key":"24_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1983.10478008","volume":"78","author":"EB Fowlkes","year":"1983","unstructured":"Fowlkes, E.B., Mallows, C.L.: A method for comparing two hierarchical clusterings. J. Am. Statis. Assoc. 78(383), 553\u2013569 (1983)","journal-title":"J. Am. Statis. Assoc."},{"key":"24_CR43","unstructured":"Dom, B.E.: An information-theoretic external cluster-validity measure. Technical Report IBM Research Report RJ 10219 (2001)"},{"issue":"383","key":"24_CR44","first-page":"569","volume":"78","author":"DL Wallace","year":"1983","unstructured":"Wallace, D.L.: A method for comparing two hierarchical clusterings: comment. J. Am. Statis. Assoc. 78(383), 569\u2013576 (1983)","journal-title":"J. Am. Statis. Assoc."},{"issue":"336","key":"24_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1971.10482356","volume":"66","author":"WM Rand","year":"1971","unstructured":"Rand, W.M.: Objective criteria for the evaluation of clustering methods. J. Am. Statis. Assoc. 66(336), 846\u2013850 (1971)","journal-title":"J. Am. Statis. Assoc."},{"key":"24_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fred, A.: Finding consistent clusters in data partitions. In: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Multiple Classifier Systems, pp. 309\u2013318. Springer-Verlag (2001)","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48219-9_31"},{"key":"24_CR47","series-title":"Communications in Computer and Information Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19032-2_10","volume-title":"Knowledge Discovery, Knowlege Engineering and Knowledge Management","author":"F Duarte","year":"2011","unstructured":"Duarte, F., Duarte, J., Fred, A., Rodrigues, M.: Average cluster consistency for cluster ensemble selection. In: Fred, A., Dietz, J., Liu, K., Filipe, J. (eds.) Knowledge Discovery, Knowlege Engineering and Knowledge Management. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol. 128, pp. 133\u2013148. Springer, Berlin (2011)"}],"container-title":["Studies in Computational Intelligence","Computational Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-319-23392-5_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T12:57:41Z","timestamp":1748696261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-23392-5_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,20]]},"ISBN":["9783319233918","9783319233925"],"references-count":47,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-23392-5_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["1860-949X","1860-9503"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1860-949X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1860-9503"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 November 2015","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"IJCCI","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"International Joint Conference on Computational Intelligence","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Algarve","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Portugal","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2013","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"20 October 2013","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"23 October 2013","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"ijcci2013","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"http:\/\/www.ijcci.org","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}}]}}