{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T10:46:13Z","timestamp":1775299573592,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"Cham","reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer International Publishing","isbn-type":[{"value":"9783319981512","type":"print"},{"value":"9783319981529","type":"electronic"}],"license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]],"date-time":"2018-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544140800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98152-9_4","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]],"date-time":"2018-12-06T14:46:06Z","timestamp":1544107566000},"page":"55-76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Electoral Systems and Political Reforms: Portugal in Comparative Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Freire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2-3","key":"4_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-3794(99)00045-1","volume":"19","author":"Christopher J Anderson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Anderson, C. J. (2000). Economic Voting and Political Context. Electoral Studies, 19(2\/3), 151\u2013169.","journal-title":"Electoral Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.2307\/2952259","volume":"91","author":"CJ Anderson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Anderson, C. J., & Guillory, C. A. (1997). Political Institutions and Satisfaction with Democracy: A Cross-National Analysis of Consensus and Majoritarian Systems. American Political Science Review, 91(1), 66\u201381.","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"key":"4_CR3","unstructured":"Arter, D. (2006). Democracy in Scandinavia: Consensual, Majoritarian or Mixed? Manchester: Manchester University Press."},{"key":"4_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006802916256","volume":"33","author":"A Blais","year":"1998","unstructured":"Blais, A., & Dobrzynska, A. (1998). Turnout in Electoral Democracies. European Journal of Political Research, 33, 239\u2013261.","journal-title":"European Journal of Political Research"},{"key":"4_CR5","first-page":"361","volume":"167","author":"J Curtice","year":"2003","unstructured":"Curtice, J., & Shively, P. (2003). Quem nos representa melhor? Um deputado ou v\u00e1rios? An\u00e1lise Social, 167, 361\u2013386.","journal-title":"An\u00e1lise Social"},{"key":"4_CR6","volume-title":"Os Partidos Pol\u00edticos","author":"M Duverger","year":"1951","unstructured":"Duverger, M. (1951). Os Partidos Pol\u00edticos. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara."},{"key":"4_CR7","first-page":"142","volume-title":"Political Parties and Partisanship: Social Identity and Political Attitudes","author":"Z Eneyedi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Eneyedi, Z., & Todosijevic, B. (2009). Adversarial Politics, Civic Virtues and Partisanship in Eastern and Western Europe. In J. Bartle & P. Belluci (Eds.), Political Parties and Partisanship: Social Identity and Political Attitudes (pp. 142\u2013161). London: Routledge."},{"key":"4_CR8","first-page":"148","volume-title":"Comparing Democracies 2: New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting","author":"M Franklin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Franklin, M. (2002). The Dynamics of Electoral Participation. In L. LeDuc, R. G. Niemi, & P. Norris (Eds.), Comparing Democracies 2: New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting (pp. 148\u2013168). London: Sage."},{"key":"4_CR9","volume-title":"Esquerda e Direita na Pol\u00edtica Europeia: Portugal, Espanha e Gr\u00e9cia em Perspectiva Comparada","author":"A Freire","year":"2006","unstructured":"Freire, A. (2006). Esquerda e Direita na Pol\u00edtica Europeia: Portugal, Espanha e Gr\u00e9cia em Perspectiva Comparada. Lisbon: Imprensa de Ci\u00eancias Sociais."},{"key":"4_CR10","volume-title":"Elei\u00e7\u00f5es e Sistemas Eleitorais: Perspectivas Hist\u00f3ricas e Pol\u00edticas","author":"A Freire","year":"2009","unstructured":"Freire, A. (2009). Mudan\u00e7a do sistema partid\u00e1rio em Portugal, 1974\u20132009: O papel dos factores pol\u00edticos, sociais e ideol\u00f3gicos. In M. A. Cruz (Ed.), Elei\u00e7\u00f5es e Sistemas Eleitorais: Perspectivas Hist\u00f3ricas e Pol\u00edticas. Porto: Universidade do Porto Editorial."},{"key":"4_CR11","first-page":"25","volume":"12","author":"A Freire","year":"2010","unstructured":"Freire, A. (2010). Reformas eleitorais: Objetivos, solu\u00e7\u00f5es, efeitos prov\u00e1veis e trade-offs necess\u00e1rios. Elei\u00e7\u00f5es, 12, 25\u201360.","journal-title":"Elei\u00e7\u00f5es"},{"key":"4_CR12","unstructured":"Freire, A. (2011). Constitui\u00e7\u00e3o e sistema pol\u00edtico-eleitoral. In N. Garoupa, M. P. Maduro, P. Magalh\u00e3es, & J. Tavares (Eds.), A Constitui\u00e7\u00e3o Revista (pp. 73\u201379). Lisbon: Editora Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Francisco Manuel dos Santos. Available at http:\/\/www.ffms.pt\/upload\/docs\/0793dd50-3e18-478a-be1f-42b179181dde.pdf ."},{"key":"4_CR13","first-page":"247","volume-title":"O Fim da URSS, a Nova R\u00fassia e a Crise das Esquerdas","author":"A Freire","year":"2013","unstructured":"Freire, A. (2013). Crise e transforma\u00e7\u00e3o nas esquerdas europeias, antes e depois do fim dos regimes do \u201csocialismo realmente existente\u201d (1989\u20131991). In P. A. Oliveira (Ed.), O Fim da URSS, a Nova R\u00fassia e a Crise das Esquerdas (pp. 247\u2013302). Lisbon: FMS-IHC-UNL\/Colibri."},{"key":"4_CR14","unstructured":"Freire, A. (2014, September 29). Crise das democracias e reformas dos sistemas eleitorais, opinion article in the Portuguese daily newspaper. P\u00fablico. https:\/\/www.publico.pt\/2014\/09\/24\/politica\/opiniao\/a-crise-das-democracias-e-a-reforma-dos-sistemas-eleitorais-1670588 ."},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/13569317.2015.991493","volume":"20","author":"A Freire","year":"2015","unstructured":"Freire, A. (2015). Left-Right Ideology as a Dimension of Identification and as a Dimension of Competition. Journal of Political Ideologies, 20(1), 43\u201368.","journal-title":"Journal of Political Ideologies"},{"key":"4_CR16","volume-title":"Para l\u00e1 da\u2009\u00abGeringon\u00e7a\u00bb\u2009: O Governo de Esquerdas em Portugal e na Europa","author":"A Freire","year":"2017","unstructured":"Freire, A. (2017). Para l\u00e1 da\u2009\u00abGeringon\u00e7a\u00bb\u2009: O Governo de Esquerdas em Portugal e na Europa. Lisbon: Contraponto."},{"key":"4_CR17","first-page":"155","volume-title":"O Sistema Pol\u00edtico Portugu\u00eas: Uma Perspetiva Comparada","author":"A Freire","year":"2018","unstructured":"Freire, A. (2018). Sistemas eleitorais e reformas pol\u00edticas: Portugal em perspetiva comparada. In C. P. Teixeira (Ed.), O Sistema Pol\u00edtico Portugu\u00eas: Uma Perspetiva Comparada (pp. 155\u2013186). Cascais: Principia."},{"issue":"1","key":"4_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13572334.2013.736784","volume":"19","author":"A Freire","year":"2013","unstructured":"Freire, A., & Belchior, A. (2013). Ideological Representation in Portugal: Mps-Electors Linkages in Terms of Left-Right Placement and Substantive Meaning. Journal of Legislative Studies, 19(1), 1\u201321.","journal-title":"Journal of Legislative Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6765.2005.00236.x","volume":"44","author":"A Freire","year":"2005","unstructured":"Freire, A., & Lobo, M. C. (2005). Economics, Ideology and Vote: Southern Europe, 1985\u20132000. European Journal of Political Research, 44(4), 493\u2013518.","journal-title":"European Journal of Political Research"},{"key":"4_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freire, A., & Meirinho, M. (2012). Institutional Reform in Portugal: From the Perspective of Deputies and Voters\u2019 Perspectives. P\u00f4le Sud \u2013 Revue de Science Politique, 36, 107\u2013125.","DOI":"10.3917\/psud.036.0107"},{"key":"4_CR21","unstructured":"Freire, A., & Papp, Z. (2014). Electoral Rules and Legislators\u2019 Personal Vote-Seeking. In K. Deschouwer & S. Depaw (Eds.), Representing the People: A Survey Among Members of Statewide and Substrate Parliaments (pp. 87\u2013109). Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"4_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freire, A., & Santana-Pereira, J. (2016). The Portuguese National Election of 2015: From Austerity to the Fall of the Portuguese \u201cBerlin Wall\u201d. P\u00f4le Sud \u2013 Revue de Science Politique, 44(1), 142\u2013147.","DOI":"10.3917\/psud.044.0143"},{"key":"4_CR23","volume-title":"Para uma Melhoria da Qualidade da Representa\u00e7\u00e3o: A Reforma do Sistema Eleitoral","author":"A Freire","year":"2008","unstructured":"Freire, A., Meirinho, M., & Moreira, D. (2008). Para uma Melhoria da Qualidade da Representa\u00e7\u00e3o: A Reforma do Sistema Eleitoral. Lisbon: Sextante."},{"key":"4_CR24","volume-title":"The Politics of Electoral Systems","author":"M Gallagher","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gallagher, M., & Mitchell, P. (2008). The Politics of Electoral Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"4_CR25","volume-title":"Introduction aux Syst\u00e8mes Politiques Nationaux de l\u2019UE","author":"E Grossman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grossman, E., & Sauger, N. (2007). Introduction aux Syst\u00e8mes Politiques Nationaux de l\u2019UE. Bruxelles: De Boeck Universit\u00e9."},{"key":"4_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2307\/1961959","volume":"81","author":"RW Jackman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Jackman, R. W. (1987). Political Institutions and Voter Turnout in the Industrial Democracies. American Political Science Review, 81, 405\u2013423.","journal-title":"American Political Science Review"},{"key":"4_CR27","first-page":"305","volume-title":"Elections and Voting Behaviour: New Challenges, New Perspectives","author":"RW Jackman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jackman, R. W., & Miller, R. A. (1998). Voter Turnout in the Industrial Democracies During the 1980s. In P. Norris (Ed.), Elections and Voting Behaviour: New Challenges, New Perspectives (pp. 305\u2013330). Dartmouth: Ashgate."},{"key":"4_CR28","volume-title":"Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries","author":"A Lijphart","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lijphart, A. (1999). Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press."},{"key":"4_CR29","first-page":"42","volume-title":"Electoral Systems and Democracy","author":"A Lijphart","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lijphart, A. (2006). The Case for Power Sharing. In L. Diamond & M. F. Plattner (Eds.), Electoral Systems and Democracy (pp. 42\u201355). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press."},{"key":"4_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203934685","volume-title":"Thinking About Democracy: Power Sharing and Majority Rule in Theory and Practice","author":"A Lijphart","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lijphart, A. (2007). Thinking About Democracy: Power Sharing and Majority Rule in Theory and Practice. London: Routledge."},{"key":"4_CR31","unstructured":"Lobo, M. C. (2008, December 11). A reforma do sistema eleitoral, opinion article included in the Portuguese newspaper. Jornal de Neg\u00f3cios. https:\/\/www.jornaldenegocios.pt\/opiniao\/detalhe\/a_reforma_do_sistema_eleitoral ."},{"key":"4_CR001","unstructured":"Lopes, F. F., & Freire, A. (2002). Partidos Pol\u00edticos e Sistemas Eleitorais: Uma Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o. Oeiras: Celta."},{"key":"4_CR32","unstructured":"March, L. (2008). Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream? Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Friedrich Ebert, 11\/2008. Available at library.fes.de\/pdf-files\/id\/ipa\/05818.pdf ."},{"key":"4_CR33","unstructured":"March, L., & Freire, A. (2012). A Esquerda Radical em Portugal e na Europa: Marxismo, Mainstream ou Marginalidade? Porto: Quid Novi."},{"issue":"3","key":"4_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-3794(98)00063-8","volume":"18","author":"L Massicotte","year":"1999","unstructured":"Massicotte, L., & Blais, A. (1999). Mixed Electoral Systems: A Conceptual and Empirical Survey. Electoral Studies, 18(3), 341\u2013366.","journal-title":"Electoral Studies"},{"key":"4_CR35","volume-title":"Participa\u00e7\u00e3o Pol\u00edtica e Democracia: O Caso Portugu\u00eas 1976\u20132000","author":"M Meirinho","year":"2004","unstructured":"Meirinho, M. (2004). Participa\u00e7\u00e3o Pol\u00edtica e Democracia: O Caso Portugu\u00eas 1976\u20132000. Lisbon: Instituto Superior de Ci\u00eancias Sociais e Pol\u00edticas."},{"key":"4_CR36","unstructured":"Moreira, V. (2008a, December 16). Uma proposta falhada. P\u00fablico."},{"key":"4_CR37","unstructured":"Moreira, V. (2008b, December 23). Mais defeitos do que virtudes. P\u00fablico."},{"key":"4_CR38","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Choosing an Electoral System: Issues and Alternatives","author":"D Nohlen","year":"1984","unstructured":"Nohlen, D. (1984). Two Incompatible Principles of Representation. In A. Lijphart & B. Gro\u00dfman (Eds.), Choosing an Electoral System: Issues and Alternatives (pp. 83\u201390). New York: Praeger."},{"key":"4_CR39","volume-title":"Sistemas Electorales y Systemas de Partidos","author":"D Nohlen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nohlen, D. (1995). Sistemas Electorales y Systemas de Partidos. Mexico City: Fondo e Cultura Econ\u00f3mica."},{"key":"4_CR40","volume-title":"Os Sistemas Eleitorais: O Contexto faz a Diferen\u00e7a","author":"D Nohlen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nohlen, D. (2007). Os Sistemas Eleitorais: O Contexto faz a Diferen\u00e7a. Lisbon: Horizonte."},{"key":"4_CR41","volume-title":"Los Sistemas de Voto Preferencial: Un Estudio de 16 Democracias","author":"C Ortega","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ortega, C. (2004). Los Sistemas de Voto Preferencial: Un Estudio de 16 Democracias. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociol\u00f3gicas Siglo XXI."},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/00344893.2012.720880","volume":"48","author":"Jean-Benoit Pilet","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pilet, J.-B., Freire, A. & Costa, O. (2012). Ballot Structure, District Magnitude and Constituency-Orientation of MPs in Proportional Representation and Majority Electoral Systems. Representation\u2014Journal of Representative Democracy, 48 (4), 359\u2013372.","journal-title":"Representation"},{"key":"4_CR43","volume-title":"Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Proportional Visions","author":"GB Powell","year":"2000","unstructured":"Powell, G. B. (2000). Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Proportional Visions. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press."},{"key":"4_CR44","volume-title":"The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws","author":"D Rae","year":"1969","unstructured":"Rae, D. (1969). The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press."},{"key":"4_CR45","volume-title":"Electoral Systems in Comparative Perspective: Their Impact on Women and Minorities","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rule, W., & Zimmerman, J. (Eds.). (1994). Electoral Systems in Comparative Perspective: Their Impact on Women and Minorities. Westport, CT: Greenwood."},{"key":"4_CR46","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Political Parties and Partisanship: Social Identity and Political Attitudes","author":"H Schmitt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schmitt, H. (2009). Partisanship in Nine Democracies: Causes and Consequences. In J. Bartle & P. Belluci (Eds.), Political Parties and Partisanship: Social Identity and Political Attitudes (pp. 75\u201387). London: Routledge."},{"key":"4_CR47","volume-title":"Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shugart, M. S., & Wattenberg, M. P. (Eds.). (2000). Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"4_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2007.11.010","volume":"28","author":"B Wessels","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wessels, B., & Schmitt, H. (2008). Meaningful Choices, Political Supply and Institutional Effectiveness. Electoral Studies, 28, 19\u201330.","journal-title":"Electoral Studies"}],"container-title":["Political Institutions and Democracy in Portugal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98152-9_4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T09:49:01Z","timestamp":1775296141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98152-9_4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]]},"ISBN":["9783319981512","9783319981529"],"references-count":49,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98152-9_4","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]]}}}