{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T14:02:55Z","timestamp":1725717775918},"publisher-location":"Dordrecht","reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Netherlands","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9789048162819"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9789401735841"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-3584-1_2","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,2]],"date-time":"2013-03-02T05:39:27Z","timestamp":1362202767000},"page":"19-46","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Periphery between Two Centres?"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Henrique","family":"Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"2_CR1","unstructured":"The existence of such an \u201cepistemological obstacle\u201d is argued in several of J. S. da Silva Dias\u2019s works. See, for example, Os Descobrimentos e a Problematica Cultural do S\u00e9culo XVI, 3a Ed. (Lisboa: Presen\u00e7a, 1988)."},{"key":"2_CR2","unstructured":"The literature on the subject today is considerably abundant and there is no point in trying to summarize it. I will refer only to a few works, where many references to more specialized literature can be found: Ugo Baldini, Legem Impone Subactis. Studi su Filosofia e Scienza dei Gesuiti in Italia, 1540\u20131632 (Roma: Bulzoni, 1992); Antonella Romano, La Contre-R\u00e9forme Math\u00e9matique. Constitution et Diffusion d\u2019une Culture Math\u00e9matique J\u00e9suite \u00e0 la Renaissance (Roma: Ecole Fran\u00e7aise de Rome, 1999); Ugo Baldini, Saggi sulla cultura della Compagnia di Ges\u00f9 (secoli XVI-XVIII) (Padova: CLEUP, 2000)."},{"key":"2_CR3","unstructured":"For an excellent and up-to-date collection of essays that reflect the variety of Jesuit cultural activities, see John W. O\u2019Malley, Gauvin Alexander Bailey, Steven J. Harris, T. Frank Kennedey, eds., The Jesuits. Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540\u20131773 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999). See also Laszlo Polgar, Bibliographie sur l\u2019Histoire de la Compagnie de J\u00e9sus, 1901\u20131980, 3 vols in 6 (Rome, 1981\u20131990), continued annually by Polgar in Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu."},{"key":"2_CR4","unstructured":"This, of course, was most clearly stated in all Jesuit normative documents, such as the Constitutions. See Ignatius of Loyola, The Constitutions of the Society of Jesus, trans. George E. Ganss (St. Louis, 1970)."},{"key":"2_CR5","unstructured":"On this very important aspect of Jesuit self-identification see John O\u2019Malley, The First Jesuits (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993)."},{"key":"2_CR6","unstructured":"Compare, for example, with Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes. Travel Writing and Transculturation (London and New York: Routledge, 1992)."},{"key":"2_CR7","unstructured":"Jesuit scientific activities in China have become a subject of intense research over the past few decades. For an overview of the latest scholarship on this subject see Charles E. Ronan, Bonnie B. C. Oh, eds., East Meets West: The Jesuits in China,1582\u20131773 (Chicago, 1988); Federico Masini, ed., Western Humanistic Culture presented to China by Jesuit Missionaries (XVII-XVIII centuries) (Rome, 1996)."},{"key":"2_CR8","unstructured":"The history of the University in Portugal goes back to the thirteenth century. For our present purposes, though, it is sufficient to concentrate on the events after the decisive date of 1537. A brief summary of the history of the University of Coimbra is: Mario Brand\u00e2o and M. Lopes de Almeida, A Universidade de Coimbra. Esbo\u00e7o da sua historia (Coimbra, 1937)."},{"key":"2_CR9","unstructured":"\u201c(...) o oppositor de Mathematicas lera duas lis\u00f3is de ponto, huma em Euclides e outra na Theorica dos Planetas; e na opposi\u00e7\u00e2o da cadeira de Musiqua n\u00e2o avera li\u00e7\u00e2o de ponto, porem o tal oppositor sera examinado na Theoriqua de Musiqua pollo catedratico de Mathematicas\u201d, in Serafim Leite, ed., Estatutos da Universidade de Coimbra (1559) (Coimbra: Por ordern da Universidade, 1963), pp. 114\u2013115."},{"key":"2_CR10","unstructured":"The appreciation of the state of mathematical sciences in Portugal in the sixteenth century has been complicated by the fact that Portugal produced one of the most famous mathematicians of the period, Pedro Nunes (1502\u20131578). Historians were frequently led to believe that this was the consequence of the existence of a solid mathematical tradition in Portugal. But the fact that it is not clear where Nunes learned mathematics, that none of his pupils built a reputation in mathematics, that his relationship with the University was tense, and that he was always quick to criticize in harsh terms the poor scientific knowledge of nautical men, should at least introduce some caution. There are, however, important indications to be drawn from Nunes\u2019 career, and I will use them subsequently."},{"key":"2_CR11","unstructured":"This has been clearly shown in several studies. For the best documented analysis of this issue see the discussion on Nunes\u2019 career in J. M. Teixeira de Carvalho, Homens de Outros Tempos (Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade, 1924)."},{"key":"2_CR12","unstructured":"In fact, of the various men that are known to have substituted for Nunes in his absences \u2014 Antonio de Sousa, Francisco Calado, Manuel de Pina, Pedro de Sousa, Pedro da Cunha, Nicolau Coelho do Amaral \u2014 only N. Coelho do Amaral published on mathematics \u2014 a rather uninteresting Chronologia, 1554."},{"key":"2_CR13","unstructured":"Te\u00f3filo Braga, Historia da Universidade de Coimbra, 4 vols. (Lisboa, 1892\u20131902). See esp. vol. 2, pp. 812\u2013835. Very few historians still accept Teofilo Braga\u2019s thesis, but his work is still useful as a source of information and documentation."},{"key":"2_CR14","unstructured":"\u201cPor que consta que desde o anno de 1612 at\u00e9 o de 1653, em que se passou o longo intervalo de 41 annos, esteve vaga a Cadeira de Mathematica sem Professor que a regesse\u201d. Francisco de Lemos, Rela\u00e7\u00e2o Geral do Estado da Universidade, 1777 (Coimbra, por ordern da Universidade, 1980), p. 80."},{"key":"2_CR15","unstructured":"I am not claiming that royal patronage is a specific Portuguese characteristic of scientific practice. To a great extent this is a common trait in European science during this period. It is sufficient to recall the careers of Tycho Brahe, Galileo and Kepler, to become aware of the importance of courtly connections. But, as I will stress below, in the Portuguese case this needs to be clearly explained, since the extremely poor performance of other environments (the University, for example) will create a much more unbalanced situation than what is observed in other countries."},{"key":"2_CR16","unstructured":"The Cosm\u00f3grafo-Mor and, in general, the problem of nautical teaching are analysed in A. Teixeira da Mota, \u201cOs Regimentos do Cosm\u00f3grafo-Mor de 1559 e 1592 e as origens do ensino nautico em Portugal,\u201d Mem\u00f3rias da Academia das Ci\u00eancias de Lisboa (Classe de Ci\u00eancias), 13 (1969), 227\u2013291. See also Nuno Valdez dos Santos, Setecentos Anos de Estudos Navais em Portugal (Lisboa: Academia de Marinha, 1985)."},{"key":"2_CR17","unstructured":"See Rafael Moreira, Um Tratado Portugu\u00eas de Arquitectura do s\u00e9culo XVI (Dissertation, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1982) and Rafael Moreira, \u201cA escola de arquitectura do Pa\u00e7o da Ribeira e a Academia de Matem\u00e2ticas de Madrid,\u201d in Pedro Dias, ed., As Rela\u00e7\u00f3es Art\u00edsticas entre Portugal e Espanha na \u00c9poca dos Descobrimentos (Coimbra: Livraria Minerva, 1987), pp. 65\u201377."},{"key":"2_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/007327538001800202","volume":"18","author":"On this matter see Robert","year":"1980","unstructured":"On this matter see Robert S. Westman, \u201cThe astronomer\u2019s role in the sixteenth century: A preliminary study,\u201d History of Science, 18 (1980), 105\u2013147.","journal-title":"History of Science"},{"key":"2_CR19","unstructured":"On the early stages of the Jesuit educational enterprise, see John O\u2019Malley, op.cit.(5). For more detailed studies, see Aldo Scaglione, The Liberal Arts and the Jesuit College Systems (Amsterdam, Phil.: John Benjamins, 1986); John W. Donohue, Jesuit Education: An Essay on the Foundation of its Idea (New York: Fordham University Press, 1963); Gabriel Codina Mir, Aux Sources de la Pedagogie des J\u00e9suites: Le \u201cmodus parisiensis\u201d (Roma: Institutum Historicum, 1968). For the Portuguese situation: Francisco Rodrigues, A Forma\u00e7\u00e2o Intelectual do Jesu\u00edta: Leis e Factos (Porto: Livraria Magalhaes e Moniz, 1917); Joao Pereira Gomes, Os Professores de Filosofia da Universidade de Evora (Evora: C\u00e2mara Municipal, 1960)."},{"key":"2_CR20","unstructured":"Antonio Leite, \u201cPombal e o ensino secund\u00e2rio,\u201d in Como Interpretar Pombal? (Lisboa, 1983), pp. 165\u2013181. The reader will note that I am trying to avoid all types of qualification, to state, as far as possible, mere \u201craw\u201d observations or numerical data. There are no such things as \u201cbare facts,\u201d of course, but in the case of the Jesuits in Portugal the ravages of the dominant anti-Jesuit ideological historiography have been such that simple numerical estimates are systematically neglected. One consequence of this state of affairs is that Jesuit historiography (sometimes apologetic) is the only useful resource for those interested in trying to ascertain the dimension, logistics, and structure of the Jesuit enterprise in Portugal. Thus, the essential reference is still the massive, but somewhat dated, multi-volume work by the Jesuit historian Francisco Rodrigues, Hist\u00f3ria da Companhia de Jesus na Assist\u00eancia de Portugal, 4 vols. in 7 (Porto, 1931\u20131950). However, this situation seems to be changing. The recent work by Dauril Alden is a superb contribution which has become indispensable: Dauril Alden, The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540\u20131750 (Stanford, 1996)."},{"key":"2_CR21","unstructured":"See G. P. Brizzi, ed., La Ratio Studiorum. Modelli Culturali e Pratiche Educative dei Gesuiti in Italia fra cinquecento e seicento (Roma, 1981); Frederick A. Homann, ed., Church, Culture and Curriculum: Theology and Mathematics in the Ratio Studiorum (Saint Josephs University Press, 1999)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-2_CR22.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The pioneer study on this Jesuit lecture is Lu\u00eds de Albuquerque, \"A 'Aula da Esfera' do Col\u00e9gio de Santo Ant\u00e2o no s\u00e9culo XVII,\" Anais da Academia Portuguesa de Historia, 21 (1972), 337-391. This is today largely superseded by the works of Ugo Baldini. See Ugo Baldini, \"As Assist\u00eancias ib\u00e9ricas da Companhia de Jesus e a actividade cient\u00edfica nas Miss\u00f6es Asi\u00e2ticas (1578-1640). Alguns aspectos culturais e institucionais,\" Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia, 54 (1998), 195-245","DOI":"10.17990\/RPF\/1998_54_2_0195"},{"key":"#cr-split#-2_CR22.2","unstructured":"\"The Portuguese Assistancy of the Society of Jesus and Scientific activities in its Asian missions until 1640,\" in Lu\u00eds Saraiva, ed. Historia das Ci\u00eancias Matemc\u00edticas: Portugal e o Oriente (Lisboa: Funda\u00e7\u00e2o Oriente, 2000), pp. 49-104"},{"key":"#cr-split#-2_CR22.3","unstructured":"\"L'insegnamento della matematica nel Collegio di S. Ant-do a Lisbona, 1590-1640,\" in A Companhia de Jesus e a Missiona\u00e7\u00e2o do Oriente (Lisboa: Funda\u00e7\u00e2o Oriente\/Brot\u00e9ria, 2000), pp. 275-310."},{"key":"2_CR23","unstructured":"It is impossible, of course, to summarize the literature on the subject. I will limit myself to pointing out some works that are easily accessible to English-speaking readers that can provide good introductions. The late Charles Ralph Boxer was a master of the history of the Portuguese Empire; many of his works have by now been superseded by more detailed and modern studies, but continue to offer some of the most balanced analyses. For example: The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415\u20131825 (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1969), The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695\u20131750 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969), The Christian Century in Japan, 1549\u20131650 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967). See also Bailey W. Diffie, George D. Winnius, Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415\u20131580 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977); A.J.R. Russell-Wood, A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia,and America, 1415\u20131808 (Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1992); Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500\u20131700 (London: Longman, 1993)."},{"key":"2_CR24","unstructured":"I have examined this subject in more detail in H. Leit\u00e2o, \u201cGalileo\u2019s Telescopic Observations in Portugal,\u201d in Jos\u00e9 Montesinos y Carlos Solis, eds., Largo Camino di Filosofare. Eurosymposium Galileo 2001 (La Orotava: Fundaci\u00f3n Canaria Orotava de la Historia de la Ciencia, 2001), pp. 903\u2013913."},{"key":"2_CR25","unstructured":"This subject has been generally overlooked in Portuguese historiography of science. In the most influential study on this question, the knowledge of the telescopic discoveries by Galileo in Portugal is dated around 1630. See Joaquim de Carvalho, \u201cGalileu e a Cultura Portuguesa sua Contempor\u00e2nea,\u201d Biblos, 19 (1943), 399\u2013482. A systematic investigation of the archival sources in Portugal related to this question has never been performed and so other Portuguese scholars have accepted this opinion. For example: Lu\u00eds de Albuquerque, \u201cSobre o conhecimento de Galileu e de Cop\u00e9rnico em Portugal no s\u00e9culo XVII,\u201d V\u00e9rtice, 256 (1965), 15\u201327."},{"key":"2_CR26","unstructured":"The most detailed study about telescopes in Japan is Yoshio Mikami, Nihon sokuryo justu\n                shi no kenkyu [History of the Telescope in Japan] (Tokyo, 1948). I have not used this work and I have drawn all information from Shigeru Nakayama, A History of Japanese Astronomy. Chinese Background and Western Impact (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), pp. 98\u2013101. It seems that the first telescopes in Japan were more artifacts destined to arouse curiosity than scientific instruments; but this pattern is not significantly different from what happened during the early stages of the use of telescopes in Europe."},{"key":"2_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/002182869702800205","volume":"28","author":"D. Campos Moreno","year":"1997","unstructured":"D. Campos Moreno, \u201cJornada do Maranh\u00e2o por ordern de S. Magestade feito o anno de 1614,\u201d in Collec\u00e7\u00e2o de not\u00edcias para a historia e geografia das na\u00e7\u00f3es ultramarinas que viveur nos dom\u00ednios Portuguezes, ou lhes s\u00e2o vizinhas (Lisboa: Academia Real das Sciencias, 1814). This information was first noted by E. Sluiter, \u201cThe first known telescopes carried to America, Asia and the Artic, 1614\u201339,\u201d Journal for the History of Astronomy, 28 (1997), 141\u2013145.","journal-title":"Journal for the History of Astronomy"},{"key":"2_CR28","unstructured":"The first person to notice that Lembo had taught in Lisbon, and to call attention to the relevance of this fact, was J. Pereira Gomes, \u201cAula da Esfera,\u201d in Enciclop\u00e9dia LusoBrasileira de Cultura (Lisboa: Editorial Verbo, 1968), Vol. 7, cols. 1012\u20133. In recent years, Ugo Baldini has also referred to this and added important information in his works on the \u201cAula da Esfera.\u201d"},{"key":"#cr-split#-2_CR29.1","unstructured":"Giovanni Paolo Lembo was born in Beneveto, Italy, around 1570, and was admitted to the Society of Jesus on the 22n1 of February, 1600, in Naples. From 1604 to 1607 he studied philosophy in the Jesuit college in Naples, and was called to Rome in 1607 where he studied theology and attended Clavius' mathematical academy. At the Roman College he seems to have engaged mostly in instrument making (in the summer of 1610 he built the first telescope of the Roman College). In April 1611, together with Clavius, Grienberger and Maelcote, he was the author of the famous reply to Cardinal Bellarmine's inquiry about Galileo's observations. From 1611 to 1614 he was again at the college of Naples, with administrative duties. Around these years he met Giovanni Battista Della Porta (1535-1615). In 1614 General Acquaviva sent him to teach mathematics in Lisbon. Lembo's stay in Lisbon was short. He was a teacher of mathematics at the Col\u00e9gio de Santo Ant\u00e2o in 1615 and in 1617, but in December returned to Italy, due to poor health. He died in Naples shortly afterwards, on May 31, 1618. Biographical data on Lembo is collected from the works by Ugo Baldini, \"L'insegnamento della matematica nel Collegio di S. Ant\u00e4o a Lisbona, 1590-1640,\" op.cit."},{"key":"#cr-split#-2_CR29.2","unstructured":"(23) and Romano Gatto, Tra Scienza e Immaginazione. Le matematiche presso il collegio gesuitico napoletano (1552-1670 ca.) (Firenze: Leo S. Olschki, Firenze, 1994), p.35."},{"key":"2_CR30","unstructured":"It is in Lisboa, Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Manuscrito de livraria, 1770."},{"key":"2_CR31","unstructured":"This had been claimed by Cristoph Grienberger in the letter he addressed to Galileo on 22 January 1611, and in which Lembo is explicitly mentioned (See Le Opere di Galileo Galilei [Edizione Nazionale], Vol. XI, pp. 31\u201335). Therefore, it is interesting to note that, in a wholly different context and using a completely non-polemical tone, Lembo confirms Grienberger\u2019s statements. The relevant passage is in fi. 33r, when Lembo comments that he had observed the phases of Venus in Rome in October 1610."},{"key":"2_CR32","unstructured":"\u201cA mesma observa\u00e7\u00e4o fiz os meses passados estando j\u00e2 aqui em Lixboa e a mostrei n\u00e4o somente a meus ouvintes mas tambem a outras pessoas curiosas [muitas] que a vir\u00e4o com pontas do mesmo modo que a lua no princ\u00edpio menores, depois maiores cada vez mais Falo com testemunhas de vista.\u201d"},{"key":"2_CR33","unstructured":"With the publication of Sphera Mundi seu cosmographia (1620), by Giuseppe Biancani. For detailed information on this question, see Michel-Pierre Lerner, \u201cL\u2019entr\u00e9e de Tycho Brahe chez les j\u00e9suites ou le chant du cygne de Clavius,\u201d in L. Giard, dir., Les J\u00e9suites \u00e0 la Renaissance. Syst\u00e8me educatif et production du savoir (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1995), pp. 145\u2013185; Baldini, Legem Impone Subactis, op.cit. (2), pp. 217250; and O. Besomi, M. Camerota, Galileo e il Parnaso Tychonico. Un capitolo inedito del dibattito sulle comete tra finzione letteraria e trattazione scientifica (Firenze: Leo S. Olschki, 2000)."},{"key":"2_CR34","unstructured":"Transcription and translation of the relevant parts of the Tianwen liie, can be found in Pasquale d\u2019Elia, Galileo in China. Relazioni attraverso il Collegio Romano tra Galileo e i gesuiti scienziati missionari in China (1610\u20131640) (Roma: Apud Aedes Universitatis Gregorianae, 1947), pp. 24\u201328. [English trans: Galileo in China. Relations through the Roman College between Galileo and the Jesuit scientist-missionaries (1610\u20131640), by R. Suter and M. Sciascia (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960)]. One interesting point to note is that Manuel Dias had not had advanced training in mathematics. This means that interest in the new astronomical questions transcended the group of Jesuit mathematical experts."},{"key":"2_CR35","unstructured":"Quoted in P. d\u2019Elia, op.cit. (36), pp. 23\u201324."},{"key":"2_CR36","unstructured":"Lecture notes of courses taught by C. Gall can be found in various documents in Portuguese archives. The most interesting are perhaps the ones in Lisboa, Biblioteca Nacional, Cod. 1869. I might also add that I have been conducting a thorough examination of all surviving manuscript notes of the mathematical courses taught at Col\u00e9gio de Santo Ant\u00e4o. The documents thus far identified greatly extend the lists published in Albuquerque, \u201cA \u2018Aula da Esfera\u2019 do Col\u00e9gio de Santo Ant\u00e4o no s\u00e9culo XVII,\u201d op.cit. (23), and Baldini, \u201cL\u2019insegnamento della matematica nel Collegio di S. Ant\u00e4o a Lisbona, 1590\u20131640,\u201d op.cit. (23). Besides many questions of detail, these notes taken together reveal a much livelier interest in scientific matters in Jesuit colleges in Portugal than scholars have traditionally tended to believe."},{"key":"2_CR37","unstructured":"The book was printed in 1631, but the licences are from 1629, and the book was presumably ready several years before. See Colecta Astronomica ex Doctrina P. Christophori Born; mediolanensis,ex Societate Jesu. De Tribus Caelis, Aereo, Sydereo, Empyreo [...], (Apud Mathiam Rodrigues, Ulysipone, 1631)."},{"key":"2_CR38","unstructured":"C\u00f3dice 2135, Biblioteca Nacional, \u201cNon sine doloris sensu intelleximus, quod studium Mathematicum in Coll\u00b0. Eborensi mirum in modum refrixisset. Et capere non possumus, cur multi senores istius Prove\u00e6. egre ferant ibi doceri Mathesim, que non solum inservit ad splendorem; sed etiam magis necessaria est Lusitanis, quam multis ails nationibus.\u201d General Tamburini to the Portuguese Province, Letter of 11 April 1711."},{"key":"2_CR39","unstructured":"Two examples of scientific subjects traditionally neglected in Portugal that became part of Jesuit teaching in the early seventeenth century, as the manuscript lecture notes of the Santo Ant\u00e3do College confirm."}],"container-title":["Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science","Travels of Learning"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-94-017-3584-1_2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,11]],"date-time":"2019-05-11T13:35:43Z","timestamp":1557581743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-94-017-3584-1_2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003]]},"ISBN":["9789048162819","9789401735841"],"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-017-3584-1_2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0068-0346"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0068-0346"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003]]}}}